BIO315

Exam 1 : tissues, skeletal system

organ systems

The organism is composed of \____.

organs

Organ systems are composed of \____.

tissues

Organs are composed of \____.

cells

Tissues are composed of \____.

organelles

Cells are composed of \____.

molecules

Organelles are composed partly of \____.

atoms

Molecules are composed of \____.

single, complete individual

An organism is a...

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

An organ system is a...

structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function

An organ is a...

anatomical boundaries and are visibly distinguishable from adjacent structures

Organs have definite...

similar cells and cell products that form a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function

A tissue is a mass of...

smallest unit of an organism that can carry on life functions

Cells are...

microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions

Organelles are...

two

A molecule is composed of at least \____ atoms

the ability of an epithelium to change from one type of tissue to another

Metaplasia

epithelial

The tissue found covering body surfaces, lining body cavities, forming the internal and external linings of many organs, and constituting most gland tissue is \_____ tissue.

protection, absorption, excretion, secretion, sensation, and filtration

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

basement

A specialized layer that serves to anchor an epithelium to the connective tissue below is a(n) \____ membrane.

basal

Which surface of an epithelial cell faces the basement membrane?

stratified squamous, stratified columnar, stratified cuboidal, and urothelium

What are the four types of stratified epithelia?

metaplasia

Children have red bone marrow in their long bones which changes to yellow bone marrow (fat) by adulthood. This is an example of \____.

fibroblast

A connective tissue cell that produces collagen fibers and ground substance is a(n) \____.

macrophages

Large phagocytic cells that wander through the connective tissues are called \____.

adhere epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue

What is the function of the basement membrane?

reticular, elastic, and collagenous

What are the three fiber types found in fibrous connective tissue?

lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

Where is reticular connective tissue found?

chondrocyte

What is a cartilage cell that has become enclosed in a lacuna called?

formed

A cellular component of blood or lymph is a \____ element.

plasma

The ground substance of blood is \____.

To transport cells, nutrients, gases and dissolved matter through the body

What is the primary function of blood?

nervous and muscular

Which tissue types are described as excitable?

nervous

The tissue that is specialized for communication by means of electrical and chemical signals is \____ tissue.

Elongated fibers (cells) that are specialized to contract

Muscular tissue consists of what type of cells or fibers?

endocrine and exocrine

What are the two broad types of glands?

Exocrine glands secrete onto a surface. Endocrine glands secrete into the blood

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

cell lysis

How do holocrine glands release their secretions?

support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, and blood formation

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A connective tissue with a hardened matrix that makes up bone

What best described osseous tissue?

flat

Thin, often curved, bones are classified as what shape?

in the limbs

Most long bones are found \_____.

irregular

Bones such as the vertebrae are classified as \____ bones.

red bone marrow

What is the major producer of blood cells?

short

What bone shape are the carpal bones of the wrist?

bone

Osseous tissue is a connective tissue with a hardened matrix that makes up organs called

flat

Bones are classified as one of four types based on their shape. The bones of the cranium are examples of \____ bones.

A hollow cavity within the diaphysis of a long bone

Which of the following best describes a medullary cavity?

compact

Which osseous tissue is found on the surface of bones and composed of tightly arranged parallel osteons?

True

True or false: Compact bone comprises most of the diaphysis of a long bone.

spongy

The interior of flat bones is composed of \____ bone.

epiphysis

What is the expanded end of a long bone to which tendons and ligaments attach called?

marrow cavity

The medullary cavity is also called the \____.

compact

By weight, the skeleton is mostly \____ bone.

spongy bone

An epiphysial line is slightly denser \____.

spongy bone

The central space at the ends of long bones is occupied by \____.

epiphyseal plate

Where does a long bone grow in length?

periosteum

What is the term for the connective tissue sheath around the external surface of a bone?

medullary cavity

What is the hollow space within the diaphysis of a long bone called?

endosteum

Which layer of tissue lines the internal surfaces of bone?

osteogenic

Stem cells in developing bone that give rise to osteoblasts are called \____ cells.

True

True or false: Once "closes" or ossified, growth in length no longer occurs at an epiphysial plate.

osteocalcin

Osteoblasts secrete the hormone \____.

epiphyseal/growth

The structure found between the epiphysis and diaphysis in a child and is a site of bone growth is the \____ plate.

fibrous layer

The outer layer of periosteum is a(n) \____.

spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes

Which of the following describes the lacunae of osseous tissue?

calcium phosphate salt

Which is part of the inorganic matter that makes up the matrix of bone?

osteoblasts

Osteogenic cells are stem cells in the endosteum, periosteum, and central canals that can become \____.

lamellae

What are the layers of bony matrix in compact bone tissue called?

osteoblasts

Which bone cells produce the organic bone matrix?

spongy

Trabeculae and spicules are found in \____ bone.

blood cell production

What is the function of red bone marrow?

lacunae

What is the hollow space in which an osteocyte resides called?

Endochondral and intramembranous

What are the methods of ossification that occur in the development of the skeletal system?

hydroxyapatite

The calcium-phosphate salt that mineralizes bone tissue is called \____.

intramembranous

The bones of the skull form by which type of ossification?

concentric

The layers of bony matrix arranged around the central canal of an osteon are called \____ lamellae.

trabeculae

What are the thin plates forming spongy bone called?

hyaline cartilage model

Where does bone formation occur during endochondral ossification?

zone of reserve cartilage

Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is located the farthest from the marrow space?

ossification

The process of bone formation is called \____.

osteoclasts

As a flat bone is produced by intramembranous ossification, which cells are responsible for the resorption of bone tissue that carves out the spongy bone's trabeculae?

interstitial growth

Which type of bone growth occurs within cartilage and results in bone elongation?

hyaline

The cartilage that is the tissue which is replaces with bone during endochondral ossification is \____ cartilage.

appositional growth

Which type of bone growth involves the deposition of new tissue at the surface?

Zone of bone deposition

Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is located the closest to the marrow cavity?

calcium and phosphate

What two ions are deposited by osteoblasts into the bone matrix?

hypercalcemia

If a patient has abnormally high blood calcium levels, they are said to have a condition called \____.

osteoblasts

During intramembranous ossification, bone matrix is deposited by which type of cells?

bones, small intestine, skin, liver and kidneys

Calcitriol (vitamin D) acts on which organs to raise blood calcium levels?

appositional growth

Which type of bone growth occurs within mature bone and results in the bone becoming thicker?

inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts

What does the hormone calcitonin do?

the blood

Where does the calcium and phosphate used to mineralize bone come from?

hypocalcemia

What is low blood calcium called?

calcium

Which mineral is more closely regulated by the body?

calcitriol

Vitamin D, also known as \____, raises the blood calcium level.

estrogen

Which hormone has a greater effect on bone growth?

calcitonin

Which hormone inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts to lower blood calcium levels?

In fetal ossification

Mineral deposition into bones begin when?

it raises them

How does calcitriol affect blood phosphate levels?

Testosterone, Parathyroid hormone, estrogen, calcitonin

Which hormones affect bone growth and development?