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organ systems
The organism is composed of ____.
organs
Organ systems are composed of ____.
tissues
Organs are composed of ____.
cells
Tissues are composed of ____.
organelles
Cells are composed of ____.
molecules
Organelles are composed partly of ____.
atoms
Molecules are composed of ____.
single, complete individual
An organism is a...
group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
An organ system is a...
structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function
An organ is a...
anatomical boundaries and are visibly distinguishable from adjacent structures
Organs have definite...
similar cells and cell products that form a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function
A tissue is a mass of...
smallest unit of an organism that can carry on life functions
Cells are...
microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions
Organelles are...
two
A molecule is composed of at least ____ atoms
the ability of an epithelium to change from one type of tissue to another
Metaplasia
epithelial
The tissue found covering body surfaces, lining body cavities, forming the internal and external linings of many organs, and constituting most gland tissue is _____ tissue.
protection, absorption, excretion, secretion, sensation, and filtration
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
basement
A specialized layer that serves to anchor an epithelium to the connective tissue below is a(n) ____ membrane.
basal
Which surface of an epithelial cell faces the basement membrane?
stratified squamous, stratified columnar, stratified cuboidal, and urothelium
What are the four types of stratified epithelia?
metaplasia
Children have red bone marrow in their long bones which changes to yellow bone marrow (fat) by adulthood. This is an example of ____.
fibroblast
A connective tissue cell that produces collagen fibers and ground substance is a(n) ____.
macrophages
Large phagocytic cells that wander through the connective tissues are called ____.
adhere epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue
What is the function of the basement membrane?
reticular, elastic, and collagenous
What are the three fiber types found in fibrous connective tissue?
lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow
Where is reticular connective tissue found?
chondrocyte
What is a cartilage cell that has become enclosed in a lacuna called?
formed
A cellular component of blood or lymph is a ____ element.
plasma
The ground substance of blood is ____.
To transport cells, nutrients, gases and dissolved matter through the body
What is the primary function of blood?
nervous and muscular
Which tissue types are described as excitable?
nervous
The tissue that is specialized for communication by means of electrical and chemical signals is ____ tissue.
Elongated fibers (cells) that are specialized to contract
Muscular tissue consists of what type of cells or fibers?
endocrine and exocrine
What are the two broad types of glands?
Exocrine glands secrete onto a surface. Endocrine glands secrete into the blood
What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?
cell lysis
How do holocrine glands release their secretions?
support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, and blood formation
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
A connective tissue with a hardened matrix that makes up bone
What best described osseous tissue?
flat
Thin, often curved, bones are classified as what shape?
in the limbs
Most long bones are found _____.
irregular
Bones such as the vertebrae are classified as ____ bones.
red bone marrow
What is the major producer of blood cells?
short
What bone shape are the carpal bones of the wrist?
bone
Osseous tissue is a connective tissue with a hardened matrix that makes up organs called
flat
Bones are classified as one of four types based on their shape. The bones of the cranium are examples of ____ bones.
A hollow cavity within the diaphysis of a long bone
Which of the following best describes a medullary cavity?
compact
Which osseous tissue is found on the surface of bones and composed of tightly arranged parallel osteons?
True
True or false: Compact bone comprises most of the diaphysis of a long bone.
spongy
The interior of flat bones is composed of ____ bone.
epiphysis
What is the expanded end of a long bone to which tendons and ligaments attach called?
marrow cavity
The medullary cavity is also called the ____.
compact
By weight, the skeleton is mostly ____ bone.
spongy bone
An epiphysial line is slightly denser ____.
spongy bone
The central space at the ends of long bones is occupied by ____.
epiphyseal plate
Where does a long bone grow in length?
periosteum
What is the term for the connective tissue sheath around the external surface of a bone?
medullary cavity
What is the hollow space within the diaphysis of a long bone called?
endosteum
Which layer of tissue lines the internal surfaces of bone?
osteogenic
Stem cells in developing bone that give rise to osteoblasts are called ____ cells.
True
True or false: Once "closes" or ossified, growth in length no longer occurs at an epiphysial plate.
osteocalcin
Osteoblasts secrete the hormone ____.
epiphyseal/growth
The structure found between the epiphysis and diaphysis in a child and is a site of bone growth is the ____ plate.
fibrous layer
The outer layer of periosteum is a(n) ____.
spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes
Which of the following describes the lacunae of osseous tissue?
calcium phosphate salt
Which is part of the inorganic matter that makes up the matrix of bone?
osteoblasts
Osteogenic cells are stem cells in the endosteum, periosteum, and central canals that can become ____.
lamellae
What are the layers of bony matrix in compact bone tissue called?
osteoblasts
Which bone cells produce the organic bone matrix?
spongy
Trabeculae and spicules are found in ____ bone.
blood cell production
What is the function of red bone marrow?
lacunae
What is the hollow space in which an osteocyte resides called?
Endochondral and intramembranous
What are the methods of ossification that occur in the development of the skeletal system?
hydroxyapatite
The calcium-phosphate salt that mineralizes bone tissue is called ____.
intramembranous
The bones of the skull form by which type of ossification?
concentric
The layers of bony matrix arranged around the central canal of an osteon are called ____ lamellae.
trabeculae
What are the thin plates forming spongy bone called?
hyaline cartilage model
Where does bone formation occur during endochondral ossification?
zone of reserve cartilage
Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is located the farthest from the marrow space?
ossification
The process of bone formation is called ____.
osteoclasts
As a flat bone is produced by intramembranous ossification, which cells are responsible for the resorption of bone tissue that carves out the spongy bone's trabeculae?
interstitial growth
Which type of bone growth occurs within cartilage and results in bone elongation?
hyaline
The cartilage that is the tissue which is replaces with bone during endochondral ossification is ____ cartilage.
appositional growth
Which type of bone growth involves the deposition of new tissue at the surface?
Zone of bone deposition
Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is located the closest to the marrow cavity?
calcium and phosphate
What two ions are deposited by osteoblasts into the bone matrix?
hypercalcemia
If a patient has abnormally high blood calcium levels, they are said to have a condition called ____.
osteoblasts
During intramembranous ossification, bone matrix is deposited by which type of cells?
bones, small intestine, skin, liver and kidneys
Calcitriol (vitamin D) acts on which organs to raise blood calcium levels?
appositional growth
Which type of bone growth occurs within mature bone and results in the bone becoming thicker?
inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts
What does the hormone calcitonin do?
the blood
Where does the calcium and phosphate used to mineralize bone come from?
hypocalcemia
What is low blood calcium called?
calcium
Which mineral is more closely regulated by the body?
calcitriol
Vitamin D, also known as ____, raises the blood calcium level.
estrogen
Which hormone has a greater effect on bone growth?
calcitonin
Which hormone inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts to lower blood calcium levels?
In fetal ossification
Mineral deposition into bones begin when?
it raises them
How does calcitriol affect blood phosphate levels?
Testosterone, Parathyroid hormone, estrogen, calcitonin
Which hormones affect bone growth and development?
Note
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