geog final exam

what are sites of identification?

places, spaces, or environments where people develop and express their sense of identity and belonging.

What is territoriality?

AN attempt by an individual, group, or government to control, influence, or claim a specific area of space (territory) and defend it from others.

what is topophilia?

a term in geography that refers to the strong emotional connection, affection, or love that people feel for a particular place.

What is topophobia?

Opposite of topophilia. refers to a strong fear, dislike, anxiety, or negative emotional attachment to a particular place.

Identify 3 ways that landscapes of exclusion are enforced

Landscapes of exclusion are places or spaces designed, organized, or controlled in ways that limit who can access, use, or feel welcome in them. three ways lanscapes of exclusion are enforced are physical barriers, economic barriers, snd social and legal controls.

what is modernity?

the condition of being modern and refers to the social, economic, political, snd cultural changes associated with the development of modern society.

Describe the geographically uneven coverage of wikipedia and discuss why this matters

Some places in the world have much more information and many more articles than others. Generally, wealthier and more developed regions- such as North America and Western Europe are covered in greater detail, while many areas in Africa, South America, and parts of Asia have fewer articles and less comprehensive information.

List 6 distinct categories of elements that shape how we interpret landscapes. provide an example of each

1 Natural elements (mountains, rivers, lakes etc)

2 Built (human made) buildings, roads bridges)

3 Economic elements: features related to production trade and employment EX: factories, farms, mines

4. Politcal elementd (government buildings, military bases)

5. Cultural elements Features that reflect beliefs, values, and traditions of a group (ex religious buildings, monuments, murals)

6. Social elements (schools, parks, community centres

List 5 indicators associated with social development

education, health, income and standard of living, gender equity, access to basic services etc.

what is the difference between economic and social development

economic development refers to improvement in a country or regions wealth and economy. it focuses on things such as how money is produced and distributed. socialdevelopemtn refers to improvements in peoples quality of life and wellbeing.

List 3 common measures for economic development

1 Gross domestic product, 2 gross national income per capita 3 employment and income levels

Define sustainable development

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

List and define Rostow’s 5 stages of economic development

rostows 5 stages of economic development describe how countries move from traditional economies to modern industrial economies

1 traditonal society

2 preconditions for take off

3 take off

4 drive to maturity

5 age of high mass consumption

Identify and define the 5 categories of economic actvity.

1 primary activities

2 secondary actiivties

3 Tertiary activities

4 quaternary activities

5 quinary activities

List 3 factors leading to regional economic decline

1 Deindustrialization

2 resource depletion

3 globalization and competition

Describe how globalization impacted processes of local and regional economic development

that are open to external influences.

globalization has made local and regional economies more connected to the rest of the world, meaning they are increasingly influenced by international trade, investment, technology, and competition. Impacts 1 increased foreign investment, greater access to global markets, increased competition, economic restructuring, technology and knowledge transfer.

what is the circular economy?

circular economy is an economic system designed to reduce waste and make the most of resources by reusing, repairing, refurbishing, and recycling products and materials for as long as possible. key principals 1 reduce waste and pollution, 2 keep products and materials in use, 3 regenerate natural systems.

List 6 of the United Nations’ sustainable development goals

no poverty, zero hunger, good education, good health and well being, quality education, gender equality, clean water and sanitation

List the 3 main forms of subsistence agriculture

1 Intensive Subsistence Agriculture, 2 shifting cultivation, 3 pastoral nomadism.

Describe the 3 stages of the agricultural revolution

1 first agricultural revolution (neolithic revolution), 2 second agricultural revolution occurred during 1700s and 1800s, 3 third agricultural revolution (green revolution) began in mid 1900s.

Describe 3 environmental impacts associated with contemporary commercial agriculture.

three major environmental impacts of contemporary commercial agriculture are soil degradation, water pollution and overuse, and loss of biodiversity.

Define carrying capacity

Carrying capacity is the maximum number of people or organisms that a specific environment can support sustainably over time without degrading the natural resources. in geography it refers to how much pressure land, water, and other resources can handle while still maintaining balance.

Describe three factors that have informed and shaped fair trade

three key factors that have informed and shaped the fair trade movement are 1 economic inequality in global trade, 2 labour rights and working conditions, 3 enviornemtnal sustainability

what are flexible production systems (ie within and between firms)

flexible production systems are modern manufacturing methods that allow companies to quickly adjust to what they produce, how they produce it, and how much they produce in response to changes in demand or market trends. Within firms (internal flexibility) refers to how a single company organizes its production: producing snacker batches of customized goods, trading workers to perform multiple tasks. between firms refers to how companies work with other comapneis: using global supply chains to source materials and labor from multiple locations, forming partnerships with specialized suppliers.

describe the blue revolution

the blue revolution refers to the rapid growth and modernization of aquaculture (fish farming) and marine food production that increased the global supply of fish and other aquatic products.

define food security

A condition where all people, at all times, have reliable physical and economic access to enough safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs for an active and healthy life.

Define food sovereignty

Food sovereignty is the idea that people and communities should have the right to control how food is produced, distributed, and consumed, rather than relying on large corporations or global markets.

Define and distinguish the differences between nation, state, and nation state

nation: a nation is a group of people who share a common identity, such as language, culture, history, or ethnicity. A nation is about people and identity not borders.

State: a state is a political and geographical unit with defined borders and a government that has sovereignty over its territory.

Nation state: A nation-state is a state where the majority of people share the same nation (common identity) and live within the same political boundaries.

what is self-determination

self determination is the right of a person or nation to decide their own political status and control their own economic, social, and cultural development without the outside interference.

what are four sources of state instability?

Four common sources of state instability in geography and political studies are: ethnic or cultural divisions, economic inequality, weak governance or corruption, and 4 territorial disputes or separatism.

How do separatism movements and debates over boundaries shape state instability

Separatist movements and boundary disputes can signficantly increase state instability because they challenge a state’s authority, unity, and control over its territory.

1 separist movements occur when a group within a state wants to break away and form its own independent country or gain greater autonomy.

2 boundary disputes

these happen when two or more states disagree over where borders should be drawn or controlled.

distinguish between de colonization and Neo colonialism

decolonization is the process where a colony gains interdependence from colonial rule and becomes a self governing state, neocolonialism is the continued economic, political, or cultural control of former colonies by powerful counties or corporations, even after interdependence.

List 3 examples of global governance organizations

1 united nations

2 world trade organization

3 internal monetary fund

describe the heartland-hinterland model

the heartland-hinterland model is a way of understanding how economic and political power is distributed within a country or region. it explains the relationship between a dominant core area (heartland) and the surrounding less developed supporting areas (hinterland).

Describe how the domino theory shaped geopolitical influence and actions in Asia

the domino theory was a Cold War idea that suggested if one country in a region became communist, nearby countries would also fall into communism like a row of dominos, the idea strongly shaped geopolitical actions in Asia.

how is the 4th industrial revolution impacting the recolonization of africa

the 4th industrial revolution refers to the rapid growth of digital technologies such as AI, big data, robotics, automation and advanced communications.

Describe christaller’s central place theory

christallers central place theory is a geographical theory developed by Walter christaller that explains how settlements (cities, towns, and villages) are distributed across a region and how they serve surrounding areas.

Describe three key features of the North/ South divide

1 economic inequality, differences in development and quality of life, power and influence in global systems.

provide 2 ways in which states enforce their sovereignty

two ways states enforce their sovereignty are border control and immigration laws, and law enforcement and military power

Describe 3 changes unfolding in the urban global south

rapid urbanization, expansion of informal settlements, 3 infastrucute strain and uneven development.

describe three changes unfolding in the urban global north

reorganization and gentrification, economic restructuring, 3 increased social inequality within cities.

identify and describe 3 types of responses tp address slums in urban areas

1 slum upgrading, 2 slum clearance (demoliton and relocation, 3 site service schemes

what is the informal economy

the informal economy refers to all economic activities that are not officially registered regulated, or taxed by the government.

Distinguish the differences between congregation and segregation

congregation refers to people or groups coming together or clustering in the same place. segregation refers to the separation of different groups into different spaces or areas. it can be social, economic, racial, or cultural and is often caused by laws, policies, or inequality.

Describe how segregation unfolded in africville, Nova Scotia

how segregation unfolded: forced isolation and marginalizedation, denied equal access to clean water, sewage systems, pawvemtn, roads, and public searches, demolished community, relocated residents, placement of undesirable land uses.

Define urban design

urban design is the process of planning and shaping the physical layout and appearance of cities, towns and public spaces to make them functional, attractive and livable.

what is gentrification

gentrification is the process where wealthier people move into a previously power income urban neighbourhood leading to rising property values, higher rents, and changes in the areas character.

list 3 attributes of vulnerable small communities

limited access to services, economic instability, exposure to environmental and social risks.

what is a winter city

a winter city is a city located in cold climate where winter conditions such as snow, ice, and low temperatures significantly influence daily life urban design and infastrucutre.

identify 3 climate responsive design principles for cities in cold climates

wind protection and solar gain, compact urban form, weather protected infastcutre.

define underemployment

underemployment refers to a situation where people are working in jobs that do not fully use their skills, education, or available working hours, or where they are working fewer hours than they need or want. they have a job but the job does not match their full potential or financial needs.