AP Psychology - Unit 7

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Motivation

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160 Terms
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Motivation

The drive or force that gives purpose or direction to behavior; the desire and action towards goal-directed behavior.

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intrinsic motivation

A desire to perform a behavior comimh from within

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extrinsic motivation

a motivation to take actions that lead to reward (external)

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Instinct

A gut feeling, an unlearned behavior, an intuition, an automatic response, a natural or inherited tendency to behave in a certain way; an innate and consistent pattern of complex behavior that is performed the same way by every member of the species

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Instinct theory

Instincts are the source of our motivation. people are motivated to behave in certain ways because they are evolutionarily programmed to do so.

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Drive reduction theory

Expletive are motivated by a combination of needs and drives

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Need

When a person has a deficiency of some sort; usually physiological,

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Drive

An energized emotional state (an internal stimulus) that pushes a person to do something. Needs drive (or push) a person to set a goal.

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Incentive theory

Incentives are external stimuli that motivate (or pull ) you toward a behavior. People are motivated to do things because of external rewards

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Arousal theory

People (and animals) are are motivated to perform because they are trying to maintain optimal levels of physiological arousal

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Arousal

the state of being awake and alert. Each person's "perfect" arousal level is unique.

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Yerkes-Dodson Law

Idea that people need moderate levels of arousal to complete tasks successfully

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self-actualization theory

Maslow believed growth and potential were profoundly important in a person's life. He believed all people are potentially capable of becoming self-actualized and that most people are willing and motivated to try. To work on it, people should be less self-centered, accepting of others, appreciative of experiences, and creative.

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Motivated behaviors

Eating and sexual behavior

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Ghrelin

Appetite stimulant; hormone released by the stomach when the body needs food; carries the "hungry" signal to the lateral hypothalamus (LH)

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Orexin

Appetite stimulant; produced by neurons in the lateral hypothalamus;. Tells the body to do more - eat more etc... Also plays a role in sexual behavior

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ventromdial hypothalamus

Regulates the satiety system - when the body is satisfied; responds to satiety hormones.

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Leptin

Satiety hormone; secreted by fat cells in the body. Travels to VMH to signal body has had enough (is "full"). People with low levels may overeat to obesity. Don't get the "full - no longer hungry" message.

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Insulin

hormone released by the pancreas; regulates level of glucose (sugar) in the body.

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Hypothalamus

"Maintenance" functions in the body, including regulation of eating and drinking; helps maintain homeostasis.

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Set point

The weight range in which the body performs optimally and in which a person stays without any effort to gain or lose weight.

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Basal metabolic rate

The rate of energy expenditure (number of calories needed for body to function properly) when the body is at rest.

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body mass index (BMI)

Ratio of weight to body size and assumed body fat. Our current definition of obesity is based on this measurement.

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Sexual motivation

The desire to have intimate experiences that are pleasurable.

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Sexual desire

mating & passing on genes; more primitive; more physical; has evolutionary roots; important for our ancestors to reproduce successfully.

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Romantic love

emotions, connection, attachment & sexual desire; more of the heart.

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Sexuality

Involves a complex web of factors including self-image, identity, values and social norms.

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Excitement stage

Sexual tension, Arousal, genitals become engorged with blood, vagina expands, nipples may enlarge

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Plateau stage

More rapid breathing and heart rate, erection of penis, fluid may appear at tip of penis (enough to create conception)

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Orgasm stage

Increased breathing, heart rate and blood pressure, brain activity similar for both men and women

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Resolution/Refractory stage

Body returns to its normal resting state. Refractory period longer for males than females.

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Kinsey scale

0 to 6 scale of sexuality; Proposed the possibility that "heterosexuality" & "nonheterosexuality" exist on a continuum - not as simple as straight/gay or feminine/masculine.

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sexual dysfunctions

Problems that consistently interfere with a person's ability to function properly or be aroused for sexual contact. Examples: Premature ejaculation, Erectile Dysfunction

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Paraphilia

Sexual interest that falls outside of societal norms; abnormal sexual desires.

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Exhibitionist

desire to perform sexually in front of others

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Fetishistic

sexual arousal with/by objects not considered to be normally erotic

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Frotteuristic

inappropriate touching or rubbing against strangers in public

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Pedophilic

sexual desire for children

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Masochism

unhealthy desire to receive pain in connection to sex

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Sexual sadism

unhealthy desire to give pain to others in connection to sex.

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Voyeuristic

sexual arousal from watching others undress, bathe, or engage in sex

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Sex

biologically determined, based on genitalia.

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Gender

deals with personal, societal and cultural perceptions of sexuality; how you see yourself

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Sexual orientation

a sexual identity based on the gender to which one feels enduring sexual attraction.

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approach-approach conflict

Not all bad: you have to decide between two attractive choices

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approach-avoidance conflict

Can be distressing; the person is attracted to one goal but it comes with a negative aspect

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avoidance-avoidance conflict

Presents two undesirable goals; the person has to choose between them

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Emotion

A complex experience that begins with a stimulus and includes physiological (body) responses, subjective emotional feelings, and emotional expressions - the outward signs of what a person is feeling.

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Common sense theory

a stimulus leads to an emotion, which then leads to bodily arousal

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James-Lange Theory

physiological activity precedes the emotional experience

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Cannon-Bard Theory

The proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously

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Schachter Two Factor theory

theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal

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Plutchik's Wheel of Emotions

Plutchik came up with 8 primary emotions, and 8 secondary/mixed emotions; most intense emotions are in the middle, less intense on the outside

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facial feedback hypothesis

Focuses on the relationship between the physiological response and subjective feelings; Assumes facial expressions provide feedback to the brain, which intensifies that emotion.

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Constructionist view of emotions

Views emotions, not as discrete elements in a particular part or region of the brain, but as complex perceptions constructed in the mind from the interaction of sensory input and learned prior associations.

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Emotional intelligence

The ability to recognize and label one's own and others' emotions accurately (emotional appraisal), to use emotions appropriately to problem solve, and to manage and control emotions.

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Reticular formation

General processing

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Nucleus accumbens (frontal lobe)

Pleasurable situations

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Limbic system

Processes emotional contents

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Amygdala

Arousal, fight or flight, anger, fear, aggression, sexual behaviors

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Hippocampus

Processes memory, including emotions attached to memory

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Hypothalamus

Regulatory functions, hunger, thirst, body temp, but also pleasure

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sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

Arousal and calming of the bodies (includes emotions)

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nonverbal communication

an important part of emotional expression: facial expressions, gestures, posture.

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Paul Ekman

theory that facial expressions are universal: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise (6)

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Display rules

"Appropriate" ways of expressing emotions. (Japanese are less likely to show anger and fear in facial expressions; they mask them with a smile.)

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Microexpressions

Momentary and involuntary expressions that reveal true emotions, even when facial expressions convey a different emotion. (FBI profilers are specially trained to pick these up)

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Polygraphs

Lie detector tests; measures changes in heart rate, blood pressure and respiration

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Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)

Stress test; measures stress-induced changes in the skin that affect electrical conduction.

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Posture and stance

Changing body positions

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Kinesics

study of gestures and movements during communication.

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Proxemics

Study of space that people place between themselves and others (intimacy is related to personal space). Personal space, public space,social space

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Paralanguage speech

refers to the nonlinguistic properties of speech. How high or deep is our voice? And what message does that send?

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Pitch

based on frequency of sound wave vibrations

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Speech rate

can convey excitement, frustration, anger, stress, boredom

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Text/pictorial expressions

Pictures, artwork, photographs, drawings, can express the emotions of their creator

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Stress

a mental and physical condition that occurs when a person encounters some demand or expectation and must adapt or adjust to the environment.

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Distress

negative stress

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Eustress

positive stress (pushes us to achieve and accomplish our life goals)

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stressors

Conditions or events in the environment that challenge or threaten a person.

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Frustrations

can vary; can have different intensities

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External frustrations

a negative emotional state or environmental factor that creates stress - lack of money, inability to find a job

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Personal frustration

Internal characteristics that impede our progress toward a goal (lack of motivation)

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Traumatic stressors

more intense emotional pain (long-term illness, natural disaster

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