Studied by 0 PeopleTags & Description
Motivation
The drive or force that gives purpose or direction to behavior; the desire and action towards goal-directed behavior.
intrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior comimh from within
extrinsic motivation
a motivation to take actions that lead to reward (external)
Instinct
A gut feeling, an unlearned behavior, an intuition, an automatic response, a natural or inherited tendency to behave in a certain way; an innate and consistent pattern of complex behavior that is performed the same way by every member of the species
Instinct theory
Instincts are the source of our motivation. people are motivated to behave in certain ways because they are evolutionarily programmed to do so.
Drive reduction theory
Expletive are motivated by a combination of needs and drives
Need
When a person has a deficiency of some sort; usually physiological,
Drive
An energized emotional state (an internal stimulus) that pushes a person to do something. Needs drive (or push) a person to set a goal.
Incentive theory
Incentives are external stimuli that motivate (or pull ) you toward a behavior. People are motivated to do things because of external rewards
Arousal theory
People (and animals) are are motivated to perform because they are trying to maintain optimal levels of physiological arousal
Arousal
the state of being awake and alert. Each person's "perfect" arousal level is unique.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Idea that people need moderate levels of arousal to complete tasks successfully
self-actualization theory
Maslow believed growth and potential were profoundly important in a person's life. He believed all people are potentially capable of becoming self-actualized and that most people are willing and motivated to try. To work on it, people should be less self-centered, accepting of others, appreciative of experiences, and creative.
Motivated behaviors
Eating and sexual behavior
Ghrelin
Appetite stimulant; hormone released by the stomach when the body needs food; carries the "hungry" signal to the lateral hypothalamus (LH)
Orexin
Appetite stimulant; produced by neurons in the lateral hypothalamus;. Tells the body to do more - eat more etc... Also plays a role in sexual behavior
ventromdial hypothalamus
Regulates the satiety system - when the body is satisfied; responds to satiety hormones.
Leptin
Satiety hormone; secreted by fat cells in the body. Travels to VMH to signal body has had enough (is "full"). People with low levels may overeat to obesity. Don't get the "full - no longer hungry" message.
Insulin
hormone released by the pancreas; regulates level of glucose (sugar) in the body.
Hypothalamus
"Maintenance" functions in the body, including regulation of eating and drinking; helps maintain homeostasis.
Set point
The weight range in which the body performs optimally and in which a person stays without any effort to gain or lose weight.
Basal metabolic rate
The rate of energy expenditure (number of calories needed for body to function properly) when the body is at rest.
body mass index (BMI)
Ratio of weight to body size and assumed body fat. Our current definition of obesity is based on this measurement.
Sexual motivation
The desire to have intimate experiences that are pleasurable.
Sexual desire
mating & passing on genes; more primitive; more physical; has evolutionary roots; important for our ancestors to reproduce successfully.
Romantic love
emotions, connection, attachment & sexual desire; more of the heart.
Sexuality
Involves a complex web of factors including self-image, identity, values and social norms.
Excitement stage
Sexual tension, Arousal, genitals become engorged with blood, vagina expands, nipples may enlarge
Plateau stage
More rapid breathing and heart rate, erection of penis, fluid may appear at tip of penis (enough to create conception)
Orgasm stage
Increased breathing, heart rate and blood pressure, brain activity similar for both men and women
Resolution/Refractory stage
Body returns to its normal resting state. Refractory period longer for males than females.
Kinsey scale
0 to 6 scale of sexuality; Proposed the possibility that "heterosexuality" & "nonheterosexuality" exist on a continuum - not as simple as straight/gay or feminine/masculine.
sexual dysfunctions
Problems that consistently interfere with a person's ability to function properly or be aroused for sexual contact. Examples: Premature ejaculation, Erectile Dysfunction
Paraphilia
Sexual interest that falls outside of societal norms; abnormal sexual desires.
Exhibitionist
desire to perform sexually in front of others
Fetishistic
sexual arousal with/by objects not considered to be normally erotic
Frotteuristic
inappropriate touching or rubbing against strangers in public
Pedophilic
sexual desire for children
Masochism
unhealthy desire to receive pain in connection to sex
Sexual sadism
unhealthy desire to give pain to others in connection to sex.
Voyeuristic
sexual arousal from watching others undress, bathe, or engage in sex
Sex
biologically determined, based on genitalia.
Gender
deals with personal, societal and cultural perceptions of sexuality; how you see yourself
Sexual orientation
a sexual identity based on the gender to which one feels enduring sexual attraction.
approach-approach conflict
Not all bad: you have to decide between two attractive choices
approach-avoidance conflict
Can be distressing; the person is attracted to one goal but it comes with a negative aspect
avoidance-avoidance conflict
Presents two undesirable goals; the person has to choose between them
Emotion
A complex experience that begins with a stimulus and includes physiological (body) responses, subjective emotional feelings, and emotional expressions - the outward signs of what a person is feeling.
Common sense theory
a stimulus leads to an emotion, which then leads to bodily arousal
James-Lange Theory
physiological activity precedes the emotional experience
Cannon-Bard Theory
The proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously
Schachter Two Factor theory
theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal
Plutchik's Wheel of Emotions
Plutchik came up with 8 primary emotions, and 8 secondary/mixed emotions; most intense emotions are in the middle, less intense on the outside
facial feedback hypothesis
Focuses on the relationship between the physiological response and subjective feelings; Assumes facial expressions provide feedback to the brain, which intensifies that emotion.
Constructionist view of emotions
Views emotions, not as discrete elements in a particular part or region of the brain, but as complex perceptions constructed in the mind from the interaction of sensory input and learned prior associations.
Emotional intelligence
The ability to recognize and label one's own and others' emotions accurately (emotional appraisal), to use emotions appropriately to problem solve, and to manage and control emotions.
Reticular formation
General processing
Nucleus accumbens (frontal lobe)
Pleasurable situations
Limbic system
Processes emotional contents
Amygdala
Arousal, fight or flight, anger, fear, aggression, sexual behaviors
Hippocampus
Processes memory, including emotions attached to memory
Hypothalamus
Regulatory functions, hunger, thirst, body temp, but also pleasure
sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
Arousal and calming of the bodies (includes emotions)
nonverbal communication
an important part of emotional expression: facial expressions, gestures, posture.
Paul Ekman
theory that facial expressions are universal: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise (6)
Display rules
"Appropriate" ways of expressing emotions. (Japanese are less likely to show anger and fear in facial expressions; they mask them with a smile.)
Microexpressions
Momentary and involuntary expressions that reveal true emotions, even when facial expressions convey a different emotion. (FBI profilers are specially trained to pick these up)
Polygraphs
Lie detector tests; measures changes in heart rate, blood pressure and respiration
Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)
Stress test; measures stress-induced changes in the skin that affect electrical conduction.
Posture and stance
Changing body positions
Kinesics
study of gestures and movements during communication.
Proxemics
Study of space that people place between themselves and others (intimacy is related to personal space). Personal space, public space,social space
Paralanguage speech
refers to the nonlinguistic properties of speech. How high or deep is our voice? And what message does that send?
Pitch
based on frequency of sound wave vibrations
Speech rate
can convey excitement, frustration, anger, stress, boredom
Text/pictorial expressions
Pictures, artwork, photographs, drawings, can express the emotions of their creator
Stress
a mental and physical condition that occurs when a person encounters some demand or expectation and must adapt or adjust to the environment.
Distress
negative stress
Eustress
positive stress (pushes us to achieve and accomplish our life goals)
stressors
Conditions or events in the environment that challenge or threaten a person.
Frustrations
can vary; can have different intensities
External frustrations
a negative emotional state or environmental factor that creates stress - lack of money, inability to find a job
Personal frustration
Internal characteristics that impede our progress toward a goal (lack of motivation)
Traumatic stressors
more intense emotional pain (long-term illness, natural disaster