aubf chemical

currently provide a simple, rapid means for performing medically significant chemical analysis of urine, including pH, protein, glucose, ketones, blood, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocytes, and specific gravity.

commercial reagent strips

The two major types of reagent strips are manufactured

under the trade names

multistix and chemstrip

Chemical reagent strips consist

chemical impregnated absorbernt pads attach to plastic strip

how to read chemical strip results

compare the colors within a time limit

Errors Caused by Improper Technique in reagent strip

formed element cant be detected

extended leaching of reagent in urine causee it to leak to specimen

excess urine

leukocyte esterase timing is 30 to 120

good light source

stript must be close to chart but not on it

reagent strips must be protected from deterioration caused by

moisture volatile chemicals, light, heat

to protect reagent strip from light what must be stored in

opaque container with dissicant

Manufacturers recommend that reagent strips be stored at room temperature

below 30c

A healthy individual usually produces a first morning specimen with a slightly acidic pH of

5 to 6

The pH of normal random specimens can range from

4.5 to 8.0

clinical significance of ph of urine

help know about existence of acid base balance disorders that is metabolic or respiratory origin

In respiratory or metabolic acidosis not related to renal function disorders, the urine is

acidic and conversely if related to renal function disorders

how to combat calcium oxalate, a frequent constituent of renal calculi, precipitates primarily in acidic

make urine a alkaline

Maintaining an acidic urine can be valuable in

treating uti caused be urea splliting organism

medications prescribed for UTIs, that produced acidic urine is

mandelamine monurol

The Multistix and Chemstrip brands of reagent strips measure

urine pH in 0.5- or 1-unit increments between

5 to 8.5 visully and 5 to 9 instrumentually

Methyl red produces a color change from red to yellow in the pH range

4 to 6

bromothymol blue turns from yellow to blue in the range of

6 to 9

Of the routine chemical tests performed on urine, the most idicative of renal disease is the

protein determination

is associated with early renal disease, making the urinary protein test an important part of any physical examination.

proteinuria

Clinical proteinuria is indicated at

30 mg/dl

proteinuria 3 categories

prernal renal postrenal

Prerenal Proteinuria is indicative of renal dysfuntion

false

prenal is due to

hemoglobin and myoglobin and acute phase reactants associated with inflammation and infection

A primary example of proteinuria due to increased levels of serum protein is the excretion of Bence Jones protein by people with

multiple myeloma

Traditional reagent strip testing for protein indicator

tetrabromophenol blue

is a cold precipitation test that reacts equally with all forms of protein

sulfosalicylic acid test

In sulfosalicylic acid test how much ssa

3%

Testing for Microalbuminuria

micral test and immunodip

Micral-Test reagent strips contain a

gold labeled antihuman albumin antibody enzyme conjugate

a specific test for glucose

glucose oxidase test

first step of glucose oxidase

glucose oxidase creates a reaction between glucose and air to produce gluconic acid and peroxide

2nd step of glucose oxidase

peroxidase catalyzed a reaction between peroxide and chromogen

Reagent strip chromogens

pottasium iodide (green to brown) tetramethylbenzidine

Substances that interfere with the glucose oxidase enzymatic reaction or strong reducing agents

ascorbic acid

The test relies on the ability of glucose and other substances to reduce copper sulfate to cuprous oxide in the presence of alkali and heat

copper reduction test

A color change of copper reduction test

blue to green to red

The sensitivity of Clinitest to glucose is reduced to a minimum of

200 mg/dl

Testing for urinary ketones is most valuable in the

management and monitoring of

type 1 diabetes mellitus

having ketonuria shows

deficiency in insulin

ketones Reagent strip tests use the

sodium nitroprusside

Interference Ketone Reagent Strip

levdopa Medications containing free sulfhydryl groups

blood can be present in urine in two form

intact (hemturia , hemoglobin (hemoglobinuria)

causes of hematuria

renal calculi glomerular disease trauma

renal calculi symptoms

back pain

Reabsorption of filtered hemoglobin also results in t

appearance of hemosiderin in urine sedeiment

presence of myoglobin in urine indicate

rhabdomyolysis

Chemical tests for blood use the activty of

pseudoperoxidase

test blood color produced

tetramethylbenzidine green-blue color

difference of result in hemoglobinura and hematuria

blue-green and specks on pad

in blood testing False-positive reactions due to

oxidizing agent in

in blood testing False-negative reactions due to

ascorbic acid

appearance of bilirubin can indicate

liver disease

if bilirubin is detected in urine determins

jaundice

bilirubin is a product of

degrading of hemoglobin paritcularly protophyrin

protophyrin is converted into

bilirubin and then conjugated with glucorinic acid so that its absrobed in the intestine to turn into bilinogen

how can bilirubin present in urine

bile duct obstruction due to gall stones leads to presence of conjugated bilirubibn