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Dialects are variaties of the same language and
They will vary depending on the region or geographical location they are used in; they may not always be mutually intelligible (like Cantone and Mandarin Chinese); and they are mutually intelligible even if their speakers have different socio-economic backgrounds
Traditional English Dialects are…
not found in the Highlands of Scotland
Language is in continuous variation…
which accounts for the many dialecdts a language represents
Speakers who share the same local accent will…
most likely share the same socio-economic status
Standard English presents some regional variation at…
the top of the social scale
Nonstandard English presents the most regional variation at…
the bottom of the social scale
The most localised dialects are used by speakers who…
are at the bottom of the social scale
Some possibe advantages of learning the standard variety of English are…
better comprehension of spoken English in academic settings; being able to understand a wide variety of written material; and the possibility of interacting with a large number of other non-native speakers of English
The least localised accent will be used by speakers who…
are at the top of the social scale
The most prestigious accent of English presents little or no geographical variation at…
the top of the social scale
The least prestigious accents of English present greater geographical variation at…
the bottom of the social scale
Extralinguistic judgments about standard and nonstandard English are…
nonstandard English must be improved to become more like standard English; nonstandard English is mostly used by speakers who want to move upwards in the social scale; standard English is more prestigious because it is spoken my upper-class people
About registers, it is true that…
they don’t depend on the speakers’ speech style and the use of a specific dialect; they signal a kind of social identification with a certain group of speakers; and they are mostly related to lexical options when speaking about a certain field of knowledge
The contact between two languages or dialects may result in…
lexical borrowing, bilingualism, pidgnization, dialect levelling, and language shift
In dialectology, accent corresponds to
pronunciation only
In dialectology, dialect corresponds to
grammar (sintaxis), vocabulary
Contact between two languages or dialects may result in
lexical borrowing, bilingualism, pidginization, dialect levelling, language shift
About styles, it is true that…
they depend completely on the context of situation in which speakers are interacting; they have very informal vocabulary sets which are called slangs; and they are not linked to the use of standard or nonstandard English
About English-based creole languages, it can be said that…(1)
they are present in former British colonies, especially where plantations were held and whose speakers are mostly of African descent (1)
About English-based creole languages, it can be said that… (2)
They can be found in the Caribbean and are the result of language contact with restricted input and unguided acquisition (2)
About English-based creole languages, it can be said that…(3)
They developed from pidgins whose superstrate language was English and subtrate languages were a variety of African languages (3)
Lingusitic consequences of the Normal Conquests are…
Bilinguialism, especially among upper classes; lexical introductions or borrowings; and direct language contact between English and French
English-based pidgins are characterized by…
being the result of language contact between a superstrate language and substrate language(s); not having native speakers since they are languages created by speakers who already had their mother tongue; having developed into English-based creoles in later generations who enriched the language lexically and syntactically
Isoglosses are
the geographical limits between dialects and accents
Characteristics of English-based Caribbean creoles are that…
they have native speakers since the pidgin from which they originated is acquired in early childhood; they are part of the linguistic history of former British Caribbean colonies; and they are more complex in lexis and syntax compared to the original pidgin they developed from
Dialect continuum is…
the gradual change/differentiation in lexis, syntax, or pronunciation starting in neighbouring dialects and becoming more evident in dialects which are further away from each other
Observer’s paradox is
the problem of obtaining spontaneous or natural lingusitic behavior when an informant is being observed
Estuary English accent is found in
London
English-based pidginization and creolization are produced because…
speakers from different languages need to communicate with each other in very specific settings (trade, work, etc), and the further development of the pidgin by later generations becomes a creole
Chicano English is an example of…
an Ethnolect
Using a vowel sound in the place of velarized L is an example of…
Change in progress
Using the Old Norse word <laik> rather than <play> is an example of…
Linguistic Introduction in Traditional Dialects of English
Dropping the /r/ sound before consonants and in absolute final position is an example of…
Innovation in British English
A dialect of English used in academic settings, among other linguistic situations, is…
Standard English
Dialectology explains dialectal differences in terms of…
Innovations, introductions, and changes in progress
Traditional dialects are…
spoken by older people in geographically peripheral, more rural areas
Mainstream dialects are…
spoken by younger people living in urban areas, and are also closer to Standard English
STYLE is…
used in different social situations and goes from very informal to very formal, relates to SLANG
REGISTER is…
used for different topics, relates to JARGON
To compare accents of English we use:
systemic, distributional, lexical, and realizational differences
Systemic differences relate to:
the difference in the number of phonemes in each English accent
Distributional differences relate to:
phonotactic distribution of phonemes, it depends on the phonological environment
Lexical differences relate to:
different phonemes appear in particular sets of words
Realizational differences relate to:
different allophones of the same phoneme occur in the same phonological contexts
Accent is…
a variety which has phonological/phonetic features that distinguishes it from other varieties of the same language
Dialect is…
a variety of a language with syntactic, lexical (and phonological) system that differs to different extents from other varieties of the same language
STANDARD ENGLISH is…
taught to foreigners, used in printed books and newspapers, spoken by upper-class and educated people, prestigious
Dialect Maps show…
where one dialect ends and the next one begins
The first type of Assimilation is…
Regressive assimilation
The second type of Assimilation is…
Progressive assimilation
The third type of Assimilation is…
Reciprocal assimilation
The fourth type of Assimilation is…
Reciprocal coalescent assimilation
Note 
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