Anatomy Lab practical 1

Human Anatomy

the understanding of the structure of the human body

Human Physiology

study of the function of the human body

Scientific Method steps

Question

Research

Hypothesis

Experiment

Data Analysis

Conclusion

Communication

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Hypothesis

a testable proposal that seeks to explain a scientific question

Experiment

Testing done to prove or disprove the hypothesis

Data

pieces of information or facts obtained and later examined to support or reject the proposed hypothesis

What is the ratio between a millimeter (mm) and a cubic centimeter

1 to 1

What is the metric unit for length

meter

What is the metric unit for volume

liters

What is the metric unit for mass

grams

What is the metric unit for time

seconds

Kilo

1,000 times greater

Deca

10 times greater

Deci

1/10 as much

Centi

1/100 as much

Milli

1/1000 as much

Micro

1/1000000 (one millionth as much)

Nano

1/1000000000 (one billionth as much)

Independent variable

the single variable that is changed to see how it effects the subject

Dependent variable

the results caused by the change in the independent variable

What is the scale for pH

Acidic (0-7)

Neutral (7)

Basic or Alkaline (7-14)

What makes something acidic or basic.

When the substance is placed into a liquid and the substance dissociates or breaks apart, an Acidic solution means more H+ broke over from the overall substance then OH-, this is then opposite for a basic solution. If the solution is neutral, that means the substance dissoicated evernly into H+ and OH- ions.

Hydroxide ion

OH-

What does pH refer to

the concentration of H+ ions

What is the difference between the pH of 5 and the pH of 6 on the scale.

the concentration of the H+ ion would be in difference of 10. There are 10 times more H+ ion in a solution with the pH of 5 then there are in the pH of 6

Buffers

materials that resist change in pH

Covalent bonds

molecules where bonded atoms share electrons

Ionic bonds

electrons from one atom are transferred to another atom and the result is an atom with a positive change and an atom with a negative charge (this is done because atom what to have a full electron shell of 8 electrons)

Which type of bonds are dissociated in water

Ionic bonds

Hydrogen bonds

when the electrons of the hydrogen atom are attracted to another atom

Regional anatomy

the study of particulate areas of the body

Systemic anatomy

the study of organ systems

What are the 11 organ systems

Reproductive

Urinary

Nervous

Muscular

Respiratory

Skeletal

Lympathic

Integumentary

Digestive

Endocrine

Circulatory

Reproductive organ system

the gonads (testes and ovaries)

contain the sex producing cells of the body and the organs (uterus, vagina, penis, seminal vesicles)

Reproductive organ system function

transport of sec cells and the development of the fetus

Urinary organ system

kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra

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the kidneys are the filters of the body, the urinary bladder the storage organ and the urethra exit tube

Urinary organ system function

ridding the body of nitrogenous wastes, adjusting chemical balance of body fluids, and maintaining blood volume

Nervous organ system

brain, spinal cord, nerves

Nervous organ system function

coordinates body movements, interprets environmental cues, and integrates information

Muscular organ system

individual muscles

Muscular organ system function

muscles move and strengthen joints, generate heat

Respiratory organ system

nose, larynx, trachea, lungs

Respiratory organ system function

the lings exchange gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and air

Skeletal organ system

each bone with the blood and nerves found in each bone

Skeletal organ system function

supports the body, protects delicate organs, and produces blood

Lymphatic organ system

the lymph noes, spleen, thymus, tonsils

Lymphatic organ system function

to protect the body from foreign particles (bacteria, viruses, fungi)

the immune system

Integumentary organ system

skin ,hair follicles, nails

Integumentary organ system function

protects the body against microorganisms, keeps the body from drying out, and produces vitamin D

Digestive organ system

mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, intestines

Digestive organ system function

provides nutrients and water to the body and removes waste

Endocrine organ system

organs that produce hormones

thyriod glands,adrenal glands

Circulatory organ system

the heart, blood, and blood vessels make up this system, the heat is the pump of the system and the blood vessels are the delivery and return portion of the system

Circulatory organ system function

transporting oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other material through the body

Anatomic position

body is upright, facing forward, arms and legs straights, palms facing forward, feet flat on the ground, eyes open

Quadruped

four legged animals

Dorsal

the back side of the animal

Ventral

the belly side of the animal

Anterior or cephalic

front or head end of the animal

Posterior or caudal

rear or tail end of the animal

proximal

refers to region close to the mouth

Distal

refers to region close to the anus

Parietal

in reference to the body walls

Visceral

in reference to area closer to the internal organs

Ipsilateral

same side of the body

Contralateral

refers to being on the other side left or right

Superior

above

Inferior

below

Medial

towards the midline

Lateral

towards the side

Superficial

towards the surface

Deep

towards the core

Anterior

to the front

Posterior

to the back

Cranial cavity

houses the brain

vertebral canal

encloses the spinal cord

thoracic cavity

superior to the diaphragm housing the lings and the mediastinum

Mediastinum

which contains the heart the pericardial membranes and the large vessels associated with the heart

Abdominopelvic cavity

is inferior to the diagram and is subdivided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities

What are the three sectioning planes

transverse plan

frontal plane

sagittal plane

Transverse plan

a cut that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior parts

horizontal cut

Frontal plane

a cut that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Sagittal plane

a cut that divides the body into left and right portions

Median (Midsagittal) plane

a cut that divides the body or organs equally into left and right portions

Parasagittal plane

a cut that divides the body into unequal left and right portions

What organ system is this

Reproductive

What organ system is this

Urinary

What organ system is this

Nervous

What organ system is this

Muscular

What organ system is this

Respiratory

What organ system is this

skeletal

What organ system is this

Lymphatic

What organ system is this

Integumentary

What organ system is this

Digestive

What organ system is this

Endocrine

What organ system is this

Circulatory

What sectioning plane is this

Frontal plane

What sectioning plane is this

Sagittal plane

What sectioning plane is this

Transverse plane