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over farming
loss of fertility due to over using land and not replenishing nutrients
overgrazing
Continual eating of grass and roots without allowing them to regrow
homosapiens sapiens
modern humans
Paleolithic Period
AKA Stone Age-- period of human prehistory defined by the development of stone tools-- extents to the development of humans and how they’d adapt to their changing environment
Neolithic Revolution
dramatic changes/development in how people lived based on the development of agriculture
Bronze Age
Discovery of bronze early civilization and written history
monotheism
religion that only worships one deity
civilization
large society of cities and states
Core and foundational civilizations
Civilizations that heavily influence successor civilizations in their regions
indus valley (india), mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates), nile valley, haung river valley, olmecs, meso america and andes mountain
what are examples of core and foundational civilizations
Jericho
mesoamerica-- west bank of jordan river-- one of the first cities created-- judeo-christianity
Catal Huyuck
turkey-- important for art.. excavation
textiles
items made of cloth
specialization of labor
process of allowing people to focus on limited tasks/skills
hunter-forager
survival by hunting animals an foraging
Agriculture
practice of raising crops/livestock in controlled continual basis
surplus
Having more than needed
domestication
process of adapting/farming plants and animals for human use
nomadic pastoralism
people moving based on moving herds of animals from pasture to pasture
kinship group
several related families moving in together hunting for food
clan
larger group of relatives together
tribe
Multiple clans
patriarchal
society dominated by men
egalitarian
equal society-- hunter gathering
artisans
people who made objects people needed
merchants
people who buy and sell goods
social stratification
idea that a person gained wealth through jewelry and bigger and better decorated houses/land
priest/priestesses
person who is authorized to perform rituals for a religion
Tigris and Euphrates
rivers SW of asia and iraq-- mesopotamia
mespotamia
cradle of civilization-- sumerians, babylonians, assyrians
fertile crescent
large area of yummy fertile land that overlaps with mesopotamia
Carthage
Phoenician colony-- important trading post in the north coast of Africa
Sahara
desert zone in Africa; north
Kalahari
desert zone in africa; south
Nile River
starts in Africa and flow out to the Mediterranean Sea; Egypt
desertification
creation of desert like conditions
Indus River Valley
comprised of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro-- Harappan, Aryans/dravidians
environmental degradation
Deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources
deforestation
Permanent forest clearance
Huang He (AKA Yellow River) and Chiang Jiang
rivers important for chinese development
Ioess
fertile yellow soil that gained the name for Huang He
Mesoamerica
reigion of southern North America that contains Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua (Charvin, Moche, Olmecs mayan and aztecs)-- one of the two early centers of civilization in america
maize
corn
oceania
region in the Pacific ocean
polynesia
islands
Division of Labor
division of the production process into different stages
Barter
trade goods without exchange of currency
polytheistic
worship of gods
Zigurat
temple
Astronomy
Mesopotamia;Babylonians -- study of objects outside of Earth
Astrology
predicting the future by studying the movement of the stars and planets
Hebrews
founded by Abraham-- ancestors of israelites and Jews-- lived in Caanin- present day Israel Palestine and Lebanon
Israelites
descendant of Hebrews- islam
Jews
descendants of Hebrews-- experiences diaspora
Abraham
left Ur and founded Hebrews-- revered in Judaism, Christianity and Islam
Moses
another important figure in Judaism Christianity and Islam-- founded Ten Commandments
Jewish Dispora
spreading of Jews throughout the Mediterranean and Middle East
Aten
Egypt-- sun god-- Akhenaten tried to convert Egypt to worship this deity (failed)
mummification
egyptian death practice-- removing organs, drying, and wrapping the body in cloth
Aryans
indo-european speaking people
dravidians
indigenous people of the NW indian sub-continent
Hindi
indo-aryan language
sanskirt
aryan sacred language
Vedas
large body of religious text written in sanskirt
Rig Veda
vedas
Vedas Upanishads
subdivision in vedas
brahmin
aryan priest-- highest position in caste system
Vedic Age
period between late Bronze age to early iron age of indian history where vedic literature and the Vedas were being developed
brahma
hindu concept of the universal soul-- everyone is originally a part of it and are trying to reach this state
dharma
hindu concept of religious and moral law
karma
hindi concept of a person’s actions influencing their destiny after life
moksha
enlightenment-- eternal peace/unity with brahma
ancestor veneration
chinese-- belief that the dead have a continued existence and have the ability to speak with the gods
golden age
period of general peace and prosperity
scribes
class of people that could read and write-- kept track of items, history, stories, etc
The Epic of Gilgamesh
oldest written story
Cuneiform
earliest known writing system made by sumerians
Alphabetic script
language adapted from cuneiform and developed by Phoenicians
pictograph
picture representing a word/idea
glyph
specific representation of a character in a language
hieroglyphics
egyptian writing/language system consisting of picture writing-- used paper/papyus
papyrus
plant
Book of the Dead
Egyptian funerary text for a dead pharaoh
Indo-European Language
language family native to Europe, Iranian Plateau, and Northern Indian subcontinent