APWH Unit 0

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over farming

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over farming

loss of fertility due to over using land and not replenishing nutrients

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overgrazing

Continual eating of grass and roots without allowing them to regrow

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homosapiens sapiens

modern humans

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Paleolithic Period

AKA Stone Age-- period of human prehistory defined by the development of stone tools-- extents to the development of humans and how they’d adapt to their changing environment

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Neolithic Revolution

dramatic changes/development in how people lived based on the development of agriculture

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Bronze Age

Discovery of bronze early civilization and written history

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monotheism

religion that only worships one deity

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civilization

large society of cities and states

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Core and foundational civilizations

Civilizations that heavily influence successor civilizations in their regions

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indus valley (india), mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates), nile valley, haung river valley, olmecs, meso america and andes mountain

what are examples of core and foundational civilizations

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Jericho

mesoamerica-- west bank of jordan river-- one of the first cities created-- judeo-christianity

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Catal Huyuck

turkey-- important for art.. excavation

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textiles

items made of cloth

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specialization of labor

process of allowing people to focus on limited tasks/skills

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hunter-forager

survival by hunting animals an foraging

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Agriculture

practice of raising crops/livestock in controlled continual basis

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surplus

Having more than needed

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domestication

process of adapting/farming plants and animals for human use

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nomadic pastoralism

people moving based on moving herds of animals from pasture to pasture

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kinship group

several related families moving in together hunting for food

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clan

larger group of relatives together

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tribe

Multiple clans

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patriarchal

society dominated by men

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egalitarian

equal society-- hunter gathering

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artisans

people who made objects people needed

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merchants

people who buy and sell goods

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social stratification

idea that a person gained wealth through jewelry and bigger and better decorated houses/land

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priest/priestesses

person who is authorized to perform rituals for a religion

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Tigris and Euphrates

rivers SW of asia and iraq-- mesopotamia

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mespotamia

cradle of civilization-- sumerians, babylonians, assyrians

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fertile crescent

large area of yummy fertile land that overlaps with mesopotamia

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Carthage

Phoenician colony-- important trading post in the north coast of Africa

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Sahara

desert zone in Africa; north

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Kalahari

desert zone in africa; south

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Nile River

starts in Africa and flow out to the Mediterranean Sea; Egypt

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desertification

creation of desert like conditions

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Indus River Valley

comprised of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro-- Harappan, Aryans/dravidians

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environmental degradation

Deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources

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deforestation

Permanent forest clearance

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Huang He (AKA Yellow River) and Chiang Jiang

rivers important for chinese development

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Ioess

fertile yellow soil that gained the name for Huang He

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Mesoamerica

reigion of southern North America that contains Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua (Charvin, Moche, Olmecs mayan and aztecs)-- one of the two early centers of civilization in america

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maize

corn

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oceania

region in the Pacific ocean

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polynesia

islands

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Division of Labor

division of the production process into different stages

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Barter

trade goods without exchange of currency

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polytheistic

worship of gods

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Zigurat

temple

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Astronomy

Mesopotamia;Babylonians -- study of objects outside of Earth

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Astrology

predicting the future by studying the movement of the stars and planets

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Hebrews

founded by Abraham-- ancestors of israelites and Jews-- lived in Caanin- present day Israel Palestine and Lebanon

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Israelites

descendant of Hebrews- islam

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Jews

descendants of Hebrews-- experiences diaspora

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Abraham

left Ur and founded Hebrews-- revered in Judaism, Christianity and Islam

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Moses

another important figure in Judaism Christianity and Islam-- founded Ten Commandments

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Jewish Dispora

spreading of Jews throughout the Mediterranean and Middle East

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Aten

Egypt-- sun god-- Akhenaten tried to convert Egypt to worship this deity (failed)

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mummification

egyptian death practice-- removing organs, drying, and wrapping the body in cloth

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Aryans

indo-european speaking people

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dravidians

indigenous people of the NW indian sub-continent

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Hindi

indo-aryan language

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sanskirt

aryan sacred language

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Vedas

large body of religious text written in sanskirt

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Rig Veda

vedas

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Vedas Upanishads

subdivision in vedas

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brahmin

aryan priest-- highest position in caste system

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Vedic Age

period between late Bronze age to early iron age of indian history where vedic literature and the Vedas were being developed

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brahma

hindu concept of the universal soul-- everyone is originally a part of it and are trying to reach this state

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dharma

hindu concept of religious and moral law

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karma

hindi concept of a person’s actions influencing their destiny after life

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moksha

enlightenment-- eternal peace/unity with brahma

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ancestor veneration

chinese-- belief that the dead have a continued existence and have the ability to speak with the gods

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golden age

period of general peace and prosperity

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scribes

class of people that could read and write-- kept track of items, history, stories, etc

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The Epic of Gilgamesh

oldest written story

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Cuneiform

earliest known writing system made by sumerians

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Alphabetic script

language adapted from cuneiform and developed by Phoenicians

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pictograph

picture representing a word/idea

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glyph

specific representation of a character in a language

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hieroglyphics

egyptian writing/language system consisting of picture writing-- used paper/papyus

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papyrus

plant

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Book of the Dead

Egyptian funerary text for a dead pharaoh

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Indo-European Language

language family native to Europe, Iranian Plateau, and Northern Indian subcontinent

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