2.2.1 flashcards

pltw pbs 2.2.1 bothersome bumps

Differential Diagnosis

involves making a list of possible conditions that could be causing a person's symptoms

X-rays

use radiation to produce a picture. best for bone analysis

Computed Tomography (CT)

uses x-rays and computer technology to make cross-sections and visualize the potential: fracture (broken bones), cancers, blood clots, signs of heart disease, internal bleeding

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

uses a large magnet and radio waves to look at organs and structures inside your body. useful for examining brain and spinal cord as well as diagnosing torn muscles, tendons ligaments, disc injuries, and tumors

Inheritance

anything passed down from one generation to future generations

Gametes

sex cells (sperm and egg)

Asexual Reproduction

no specialized sex cells (gametes) involved One "parent" is involved

Sexual reproduction

sperm and egg unite to create a new offspring. 2 parents involved

Mitosis

the nuclear material is duplicated and divides into 2 identical sets. Cells undergo mitotic cell division to allow for growth and repair

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm and the organelles inside

Chromatin

DNA bound to proteins (histones)

Chromosomes

threadlike organelles that contain genetic information. made up of DNA

Homologous chromosomes

similar in size, shape, and genetic content. each parent contributes one chromosome in a homologous pair

Cell cycle

the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.

Interphase

G1 phase, s phase, G2 phase

Gap 1

cells do most of their growing and activity during this stage (cells increase in size, synthesize, new proteins and new organelles)

S phase (synthesis and DNA replication)

new DNA is synthesized as chromosomes are replicated. now there is 2x DNA

Gap 2

preperation for mitosis - many organelles and molecules required for cell dvision are produced (shortest phase)

M phase

cell division stage. has 2 parts: mitosis and cytokineses

Mitosis

division of the cell nucleus

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm. cell membrane pinches inward

Interphase

genetic materiel is thin, difficult to see chromatin

Prophase

genetic material inside nucleus condenses, membrane of nucleus breaks down, double chromosomes are joined together by a centromere, formation of mitotic spindle

Spindle fibers

separate the chromosomes during mitosis

Metaphase

centromeres of duplicated chromosomes line up in the center. these copied chromosomes are moved to that they line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

sister chromosomes separate and move apart

Telophase

original cell's cell membrane pinches inward and the cytoplasm is separated into 2 newly developing cells, the once distinct chromosomes spread out and loosen into chromatin, nuclear membrane reforms

Diploid (2n)

the normal (full) amount of chromosomes found in body (somatic) cells

Cytokinesis

division of cytoplams. cell membrane pinches inward, each part contains its own nucleus, cytoplasmic organelles

Cancer

abnormal, uncontrolled, harmful cell division. do not respond to the signals to regulate cell growth

External Regulatory Proteins

growth factors found outside of cell

Internal Regulator

Proteins inside the cell act as "checkpoints" to prevent stages from occurring prematurely

Cyclins

regulate the timing of the cell cycle

Apoptosis

programmed cell death

Mutagen

agents that cause changes to the genetic code

Carcinogens

agents that promote the development of cancer (things we ingest)

Tumors

cluster s of abnormal cells that are capable of growing and dividing uncontrollably

Oncology

study of cancer and tumors

Local invasive cancer

the tumor can invade the tissues surrounding it by sending out "fingers: of cancerous cells into the normal tissue

Metastatic cancer

the tumor can send cells into other tissues in the body which maybe be distant from the original tumor

Biopsy

obtain smple of the tissue and cells that make up a tumor which is then studied microscopically to determine if it is benign or malignant

Pathologist

a medical professional who examines bodies, tissues, and fluid samples to look for changes to other signs of disease and collaborate with other healthcare providers to diagnose