Protein Production - Translation and Transcription

Protein Production ALWAYS = EQUALS

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

MILK is a TYPE of PROTEIN

MILK is a PROTEIN PRODUCED by a PREGNANT BODY

How are PROTEINS ( made up of Amino Acids in long chain = polypeptides ) ASSEMBLED

TWO PROCESSES to ASSEMBLE A POLYPEPTIDE Chain

1st - Transcription

2nd - Translation

1st Transcription

• Initiation

• Elongation

• Termination

2nd Translation

1ST HAS TO GO THROUGH TRANSCRIPTION

Transcription steps

• Initiation

• Elongation

• termination

Translation second step

= initiation

elongation

termination

OPEN ENDED QUESTION

STEPS INVOLVED IN TRANSCRIPTION/TRANSLATION

STEPS and PROCESSES FOR SURE OPEN ENDED QUESTIONS

Transcription

Takes place

INSIDE where there is DNA

OVERALL GOAL :

to GENERATE or READ DNA into RNA or also called mRNA

stages -

[ TERMINOLOGIES ]

PROMOTER

starting region of the gene / DNA

begininning

read it until

TERMINATOR

end of the gene

read until terminater end

RNA Polymerase after Terminator

is an ENZYME REPONSIBLE for READING DNA into RNA called mRNA

MESSENGER RNA

MESSENGER RNA

STARTS TRANSLATION

Got MRNA

BY Taking the enzyme RNA POLYMERASE and READ IT DNA INTO RNA (mRna)

NEED MRNA from TRANSCRIPTION to START Translation

INITIATION

1st step

have DNA STRAND

along DNA are the NITROGENOUS BASES ATCG etc

bottom strand of DNA = DNA Template Strand (one USED TO READ DNA INTO RNA )

beginning half of gene called PROMOTER

ending half of gene is called TERMINATOR

steps

1 ) DNA will UNWIND OR UNZIP IN STRUCTURE to HAVE TWO STRANDS

the ENZYME POLYMERARIES WILL BIND onto the PROMOTER REGION of DNA template strand

Elongation

2) Elongation

RNA polymerase will TRECK ITSELF ALONG the DNA STRAND

READING DNA into RNA

as it’s reading it is CREATING AN RNA STRAND

termination

3) termination

RNA polymerase REACHES END / TERMINATOR of the GENE

RNA polymerase WILL DETATCH FROM the DNA Template Strand

DNA will WIND BACK UP to a Helix Structure

mRNA (messenger, carrying genetic info) Strand WILL LEAVE THE NUCLEUS and START part Two TRANSLATION

Translation - pt Two of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Translation

• initiation

• elongation

• termination

takes place IN the ROUGH ER which contains RIBOSOMES - RESPONSIBLE for PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

overall goal:

to BUILD POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN / AMINO ACID CHAIN to CREATE / BUILD PROTEINS

using the mRNA Strand FROM TRANSCRIPTION

[ TERMINOLOGIES ]

1) Small Ribosomal Subunit (SRS)

reads the mRNA strand into Codons (triplet codes) for every three nitrogenous base there is one amino acid except for stop codons (3)

2) Large Ribosomal Subunit (LRS)

binds or BONDS the AA together to FORM the CHAIN

3) Transfer RNA or TRNA - going to CARRY AMINO ACIDS BASED on the CODONS (for every 3 codons it gets one amino acid that TRNA is carrying)

possible multiple codons for the same amino acid

STOP CODONS ( UAA , UAG , UGA )

ESSENTIALLY SAY WE MADE THE CHAIN / DONE amino acids EXCEPT for a STOP CODON

START CODON ( AUG ) OUTSIDE OF BRACKET by itself in the GENETIC CODE - meth anine

3 STOP CODONS and 1 START CODON

CODONS ARE THREE NITROGENOUS BASES IN A ROW

triplet code is split mrna strand into three

so that we know what amino acid to bring GENETIC TABLE

AUG is the START CODON EVERY TIME - METH AMINO ACID

it codes for MAT

then next codon (3 group) what does it code for (amino acid) based on the GENETIC CODE TABLE

then combined make a polypeptide

STOP CODON is LEFT BLANK

look at code table to generate amino acid then form polypeptide strand

Initiation

Initiation of Translation

have mRNA strand with nitrogenous bases

small ribosomal unit will go ON START CODON

1) SRS will bind onto start codon based on the chart AUG

then 1st trna comes in and brings in the 1st amino acid

WHICH IS METH

Elongation

Elongation

SRS MOVES along the mRNA strand going to READ INTO TRIPLET CODES

second TRNA carries the second amino acid in the chain based off the codons , third, etc.

genetic code table to find it

LRS large - WILL BOND THE AMINO ACIDS TOGETHER AS THEY COME ALONG / are building the polypeptide

Termination

the SRS is going to EVENTUALLY reach STOP CODON

one of three stop codons

THEN a RELEASE FACTOR PROTEIN which WILL BIND onto the stop codon AND RELEASE POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN

= whole process JUST MADE the PROTEIN