Cold War History

we have a test friday i think

John Foster Dulles and Brinkmanship

Dulles was Secretary of State to Eisenhower. Anti communist. Proposed that the US could prevent the spread of communism by proposing to use all of its force including nukes (brinkmanship).

CIA

an independent agency of the United States government responsible for collecting and coordinating intelligence and counterintelligence activities abroad in the national interest

Francis Gary Powers

American pilot shot down in his U2 spy plane, captured and convicted of spying by the Soviet Union

Sputnik (1957)

The first artificial satellite sent into space, launched by the Soviets. Started space race

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.

Eisenhower Doctrine

Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country

Fidel Castro

Communist dictator of Cuba who came into power in 1959.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs.

Berlin Wall (1961)

Built by the Communists to stop the flow of refugees seeking to gain political asylum in West Berlin from East Berlin. It became the symbol of division between the East and the West. To Prevent the "Brain Drain."

Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962

US and Soviet Union confrontation over the installation of Soviet nuclear rockets in Cuba, perhaps the closest the world has yet come to nuclear war.

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963

agreement that banned atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons

hot line

direct telephone link created by Kennedy and Kruschev to allow leaders to communicate instantly in times of crisis

Flexible Response Policy

policy issued by the Kennedy Administration which involved preparing for a variety of military responses to international crises rather than focusing on the use of international weapons

Massive Retaliation

The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.

John Kennedy

President of the US (1961

Cold War

(1945-1991)

Iron Curtain

Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; a military alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Marshall Plan (1947)

A plan for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II, proposed by U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall in 1947 and implemented in 1948 under the Economic Cooperation Administration.

Truman Doctrine (1947)

stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to resist internal leftwing (and therefore it was assumed "communist") movements and prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere. Early example of application of "containment" doctrine, that the US would take action to stop spread of communism. Some see this as beginning of Cold War.

Containment

A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940's, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances

Satellite Nations

Communist nations in Eastern Europe on friendly terms with the USSR and thought of as under the USSR's control

Berlin Airlift

1948-1949 (11 months)

Harry S. Truman (1945\` 1953)

\` Atomic bombs dropped (1945)\` Yalta Conference (1945) \` Truman Doctrine (1947)\` Marshall Plan (1947)\` NATO formed (1949)\` Cold War (1946

Joseph Stalin

Communist dictator of the Soviet Union during World War II and the start of the Cold War. (1927

Nikita Khrushchev (1958\` 1964)

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.

JOHN KENNEDY (JFK)

\` Peace Corps\` Bay of Pigs invasion\` Cuban Missile Crisis\` visited West Berlin\` "The Space Race"\` Nuclear Test

Berlin Wall (1961\` 1989)

The Soviet Union, under Nikita Khrushchev, erected a wall between East and West Berlin to keep people from fleeing from the East(Brain Drain), afterwards Kennedy asked for an increase in defense funds to counter Soviet aggression.

West Berlin

was the part of Berlin that was occupied by the United States, Great Britain and France until 1991.

Hungary 1956

Called for Western Style democracy. The Soviet army invaded Hungary to crush the reforms. The Hungarians fought back against tanks with stones, rifles and homemade bombs. Because no other nations wanted war with the Soviets, the Hungarian revolt was crushed.

John Kennedy

US president who visited West Berlin in June of 1963

"Ich bin ein Berliner" Speech

"I am a Berliner." June 26, 1963

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

Dwight Eisenhower (1953\` 1961)

Republican; Ended Korean War; Maintained peaceful coexistence with USSR; Established modern Republicanism

38th Parallel

The line that divided Korea; Soviet Union occupied the north and United States occupied the south, during the Cold War.

Korean War (1950\` 1953)

This "forgotten war" had been fought because of the American policy of containment

General Doughlas MacArthur

led the United Nations troops during the Korean War

insubordination to Truman

Why was Douglas MacArthur removed from command during the Korean War?

Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)

leader of the Chinese Communists (1949\` 1976)

President Truman

created the Truman doctrine, refused to use atomic bombs on Korea

Limited War

A war fought to achieve a limited objective, such as containing communism NO NUKES!

China

became a communist country in 1949

North Korea

invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950 to begin the Korean War

HUAC (House UnAmerican Activities Committee)

Committee responsible for rooting out communists in American Government and Society

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

Couple executed for giving military secrets to the Soviets in the 1950's

Senator Joseph McCarthy

Republican senator who claimed that he had a list of 205 people who were communist in the state department. He said there were communist in the army, that's when he went to far

McCarthyism

The act of accusing people of disloyalty and communism without offering proof

Blacklist

list of persons who were not hired because of suspected communist ties

Hollywood Ten

Group of people in the film industry who were jailed for refusing to answer congressional questions regarding Communist influence in Hollywood

Alger Hiss Case

a court case involving Alger Hiss, a U.S. State Department official accused of passing secrets to the Soviet Union, that contributed to a growing fear of subversion during the early Cold War; in 1950 a federal grand jury convicted Hiss of perjury, but his guilt in regard to espionage was not proven

Whittaker Chambers

A confessed Communist and a star witness for the HUAC in 1948 when he testified against Alger Hiss. His proof was hidden in a pumpkin patch!

Executive Order 9835

Signed by Harry Truman in 1947 to establish a loyalty program requiring federal employees to sign loyalty oaths and undergo security checks

Dr. Klaus Fuchs

German scientist and spy who fed Manhattan Project information to the Soviets

Joseph Welch

"Have you no sense of decency, sir?" Lawyer for the Army