What is the relationship between protons and electrons?
number of electrons \= number of protons
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What are covalent bonds?
a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs
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What are nonpolar covalent bonds?
electrons are shared equally, not water soluble
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What are polar covalent bonds?
unequal sharing of electrons
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What are ionic bonds?
transfer of electrons
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What is a positively charged atom?
cation
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What is a negatively charged atom?
anion
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What do cations and anions form?
ionic compounds
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What's an example of an ionic compound?
sodium chloride
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What is ionization?
the process of becoming charged
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are ionic bonds weak or strong?
a strong DRY bond - but weakens as it hydrates (dissolves)
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Hydrophilic
water loving
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Hydrophobic
water hating
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What is water
polar molecule, good solvent, when split it can contribute to the pH of a substance
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When a substance has more hydrogen ions it is...
acidic
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When a substance has more OH- ions it is...
basic
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What are buffers?
stabilizes hydrogen concentration in a solution
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What is acidosis?
blood pH below 7.35
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What is alkalosis?
pH above 7.45
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What is alkaline?
solutions with a pH above 7, like a basic
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What are the major macromolecules?
carbohydrate, lipid, protein
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What is a monosaccharide?
simple sugar
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What is a disaccharide?
2 monosaccharides joined together.
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What is a polysaccharide?
many sugars
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What do lipids consist of?
glycerol head and fatty acid tails, they are hydrophobic
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What are triglycerides?
fats and oils; 1 glycerol molecule joined with 3 fatty acids
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What are saturated fats?
Solid at room temperature, higher melting point, single bond
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What are unsaturated fats?
liquid at room temperature, double bond
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What are phospholipids?
a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule
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What are steroids?
Lipids characterized by carbon skeleton made up of four fused rings. E.g. Cholesterol
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What are anabolic steroids?
synthetic forms of testosterone
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What are proteins?
amino acids
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What are amino acids?
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Each has an amino group, carboxyl group, and functional group.
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What causes protein denaturation?
Increase in temperature, pH change, Chemical, Enzymes
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What are amino acids linked by?
peptide bonds
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What is a glycoprotein?
protein with carbohydrate attached
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What is a lipoprotein?
any of a group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma.
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What are enzymes?
biological catalysts that speed up reactions, do not change the nature of the reaction
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What is activation energy?
energy needed to start a reaction
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What are catalysts?
substances that speed up chemical reactions at lower temps
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What are active sites?
the dent in a molecule that is exactly the right size and shape for a part of the molecule to fit in. when the molecule is in the active site, the enzyme begins to break it down
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What are substrates?
the reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
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What is the lock and key model?
Enzymes are specific to the substrate they bind too.
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What is the induced fit model?
the active site molds around the substrate to form the enzyme-substrate complex.
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What is an enzyme-substrate complex?
the physical interaction between enzyme and substrate... duh
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What is enzyme activity?
the amount of product produced per unit time
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What is enzyme activity influenced by?
temperature, pH, substrate concentration
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What does temperature do to enzymes?
increases the rate of reactions until the temp reaches a few degrees above body temp
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How does pH affect enzyme activity?
Each enzyme has an optimal pH at which it can perform at its maximum rate. Too high or too low of a pH deviates the enzyme from its maximum rate.
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What are coenzymes?
organic molecules derived from vitamins that function in the transfer of a chemical group
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What are cofactors?
nonprotein enzyme helpers
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What is substrate concentration?
Activity increases as the substrate concentration increases but will eventually level out.
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What is a metabolic pathway?
begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product
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What is allosteric inhibition?
when an allosteric inhibitor binds to the allosteric binding site, substrates can no longer bind with the enzyme
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what is end product inhibition?
When the final product in a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme that acts earlier on in the pathway
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what are cells?
Basic unit of life
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What is the plasma membrane?
a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell
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What are integral proteins?
Proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic core (channels, carriers, transporters)
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What are peripheral proteins?
They are not embedded. They are appendages. (enzymes, receptors, structural support)
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What is the fluid mosaic model?
describes the arrangement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane
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What are cilia?
tiny hair-like projections used to move a cell or to move things past a cell
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What is cystic fibrosis?
It is a genetic disorder of the cell membranes. Causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in air passages and pancreas.
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What are flagella?
long whip-like projections
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What are microvilli?
even smaller projections that increase the surface area of the cell further
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What is bulk transport?
the transport of very large molecules in and out of the cell
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What is phagocytosis?
cellular eating
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what is endocytosis?
the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole.
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What is exocytosis?
a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.
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