BIO 307 exam 1 study

Define Anatomy

study of structure

Define Physiology

Study of function

Who is Hippocrates?

Father of medicine

Who is Aristotle?

first speculated about the function of the human body

Who is Herophilus?

"father of anatomy" first to publicly dissect and compare human and animals

Who is Galen?

"prince of physicians" stressed importance of experimentation in medicine

Who is Claude Bernard?

constancy or stability of our internal environment is required for us to exist

Who is Walter Cannon?

coined the term homeostasis

What is microscopic?

not visible to the naked eye

what is gross? (macroscopic)

what you can see with the naked eye

what is an organization?

complex structure and order

What is metabolism?

the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life

what is the set point?

where your body wants to stay

what are sensors?

detects any changes from set point

what is the integrating center?

process information from sensors

What are effectors?

make changes

what is a negative feedback loop?

effectors produce a change that is in the opposite direction of the original change

what is a positive feedback loop?

once it is stimulated, it just keeps going

What is the structural organization of the body?

atoms, molecules, macromolecule, organelle, cells, tissues, organs, systems, organism

Anterior (ventral)

front of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

back of body

Superior

toward the head

Inferior

away from the head

Medial

toward the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Distal

Farther from the trunk of the body

Neutrons

neutral charge

Protons

Positively charged particles

Electrons

Negatively charged particles

valence electrons

electrons in the outermost shell

What is the relationship between protons and electrons?

number of electrons \= number of protons

What are covalent bonds?

a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs

What are nonpolar covalent bonds?

electrons are shared equally, not water soluble

What are polar covalent bonds?

unequal sharing of electrons

What are ionic bonds?

transfer of electrons

What is a positively charged atom?

cation

What is a negatively charged atom?

anion

What do cations and anions form?

ionic compounds

What's an example of an ionic compound?

sodium chloride

What is ionization?

the process of becoming charged

are ionic bonds weak or strong?

a strong DRY bond - but weakens as it hydrates (dissolves)

Hydrophilic

water loving

Hydrophobic

water hating

What is water

polar molecule, good solvent, when split it can contribute to the pH of a substance

When a substance has more hydrogen ions it is...

acidic

When a substance has more OH- ions it is...

basic

What are buffers?

stabilizes hydrogen concentration in a solution

What is acidosis?

blood pH below 7.35

What is alkalosis?

pH above 7.45

What is alkaline?

solutions with a pH above 7, like a basic

What are the major macromolecules?

carbohydrate, lipid, protein

What is a monosaccharide?

simple sugar

What is a disaccharide?

2 monosaccharides joined together.

What is a polysaccharide?

many sugars

What do lipids consist of?

glycerol head and fatty acid tails, they are hydrophobic

What are triglycerides?

fats and oils; 1 glycerol molecule joined with 3 fatty acids

What are saturated fats?

Solid at room temperature, higher melting point, single bond

What are unsaturated fats?

liquid at room temperature, double bond

What are phospholipids?

a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule

What are steroids?

Lipids characterized by carbon skeleton made up of four fused rings.
E.g. Cholesterol

What are anabolic steroids?

synthetic forms of testosterone

What are proteins?

amino acids

What are amino acids?

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Each has an amino group, carboxyl group, and functional group.

What causes protein denaturation?

Increase in temperature, pH change, Chemical, Enzymes

What are amino acids linked by?

peptide bonds

What is a glycoprotein?

protein with carbohydrate attached

What is a lipoprotein?

any of a group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma.

What are enzymes?

biological catalysts that speed up reactions, do not change the nature of the reaction

What is activation energy?

energy needed to start a reaction

What are catalysts?

substances that speed up chemical reactions at lower temps

What are active sites?

the dent in a molecule that is exactly the right size and shape for a part of the molecule to fit in. when the molecule is in the active site, the enzyme begins to break it down

What are substrates?

the reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions

What is the lock and key model?

Enzymes are specific to the substrate they bind too.

What is the induced fit model?

the active site molds around the substrate to form the enzyme-substrate complex.

What is an enzyme-substrate complex?

the physical interaction between enzyme and substrate... duh

What is enzyme activity?

the amount of product produced per unit time

What is enzyme activity influenced by?

temperature, pH, substrate concentration

What does temperature do to enzymes?

increases the rate of reactions until the temp reaches a few degrees above body temp

How does pH affect enzyme activity?

Each enzyme has an optimal pH at which it can perform at its maximum rate. Too high or too low of a pH deviates the enzyme from its maximum rate.

What are coenzymes?

organic molecules derived from vitamins that function in the transfer of a chemical group

What are cofactors?

nonprotein enzyme helpers

What is substrate concentration?

Activity increases as the substrate concentration increases but will eventually level out.

What is a metabolic pathway?

begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product

What is allosteric inhibition?

when an allosteric inhibitor binds to the allosteric binding site, substrates can no longer bind with the enzyme

what is end product inhibition?

When the final product in a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme that acts earlier on in the pathway

what are cells?

Basic unit of life

What is the plasma membrane?

a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell

What are integral proteins?

Proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic core (channels, carriers, transporters)

What are peripheral proteins?

They are not embedded. They are appendages. (enzymes, receptors, structural support)

What is the fluid mosaic model?

describes the arrangement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane

What are cilia?

tiny hair-like projections used to move a cell or to move things past a cell

What is cystic fibrosis?

It is a genetic disorder of the cell membranes. Causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in air passages and pancreas.

What are flagella?

long whip-like projections

What are microvilli?

even smaller projections that increase the surface area of the cell further

What is bulk transport?

the transport of very large molecules in and out of the cell

What is phagocytosis?

cellular eating

what is endocytosis?

the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole.

What is exocytosis?

a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

What is intracellular fluid?

fluid inside the cell. 67% of our water