Anura
Order frogs and toads belong in
Frog
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Toad External Anatomy, The Skeletal System, & The Muscular System
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Anura
Order frogs and toads belong in
Frog
Toad
2 Major Layers of Frog Skin
Epidermis & Dermis
Epidermis
layer of frog skin:
stratum corneum
sublayer of frog epidermis:
Ecdysis
stratum germinativum
sublayer of frog epidermis:
chromatophores
melanophores
black pigment containing cells found at the junction of the dermis and epidermis
Dermis
layer of frog skin:
stratum laxum/spongiosum
layer of frog dermis:
cutaneous glands
posion glands & mucous glands
poison gland
gland in stratum laxum/spongiosum:
mucous glands
gland in stratum laxum/spongiosum:
stratum compactum
layer of frog dermis:
layers of white fibrous connective tissue
dorsal
back or upper surface of an organism
ventral
stomach or lower surface of an organism
anterior
head end of an organism
posterior
tail end of an organism
bilateral symmetry
left & right halves of an organism are mirrored portions
main axis of toads
horizontal axis
3 planes of the toad body
frontal, sagittal (longitudinal), & transverse (cross)
frontal
plane dividing the body into dorsal & ventral sections
sagittal
plane dividing the body into left & right sections
transverse
plane dividing the body into anterior & posterior sections
locations relative to the center of the body
medial, lateral, proximal, proximal, & distal
medial
location near the middle
lateral
location to the sides
proximal
part of a structure that is nearer the origin
distal
part farther from the origin
regions of the body
axial & appendicular regions
axial region
region:
head
portion in axial region:
contains snout, mouth, external nares, eyes, browspot, tympanic membrane, & paratoid gland
snout
external part of head:
mouth
external part of head:
external nares
external part of head:
eyes
external part of head:
upper eyelid
part of eye:
thicker eyelid; does NOT move
lower eyelid
part of eye:
thinner eyelid; moves
nictitating membrane
part of eye:
browspot
external part of head:
tympanic membrane
external part of head:
paratoid gland
external part of head:
Croak
Trunk
portion in axial region:
contains sacral hump & cloacal aperture
sacral hump
external part of trunk:
pelvis is elongated and higher at the spine
cloacal aperture
external part of trunk:
appendicular region
region:
Forelimbs
portion in appendicular region:
brachium
external part of forelimbs:
antebrachium
external part of forelimbs:
carpus
external part of forelimbs:
wrist
manus
external part of forelimbs:
prepollux
5th rudimentary thumb
hindlimbs
portion in appendicular region:
thigh
external part of hindlimbs:
crus
external part of hindlimbs:
pes
external part of hindlimbs:
tarsus
external part of hindlimbs:
metatarsus
external part of hindlimbs:
instep
prehallux
6th rudimentary toe
skin on the dorsal side
skin with warty appearance
sex-distinguishing external characteristics
skin pigmentation in jaw, thumb pads, & relative size
male frogs
sex of frog:
Nuptial pad
amplexus
female frogs
sex of frog:
chloroform
skeletal system
organ system:
2 Types of Skeleton
Exoskeleton & Endoskeleton
Exoskeleton
type of skeleton:
chitinous exoskeleton
type of exoskeleton:
calcium-carbonate exoskeleton
type of exoskeleton:
Endoskeleton
type of skeleton:
Tendon
connective tissue that serves as attachment of (skeletal) muscles and bones
Aponeurosis
broad, flat, and sheet-like tendon
2 Types of Bone Structure
Compact Bone & Spongy Bone
Compact Bone
type of bone structure:
osteon
lacunae
part of osteon:
tiny spaces in the matrix
osteocytes
part of osteon:
bone cells trapped in lacunae
haversian canal
part of osteon:
series of microscopic tubes with blood vessels and nerves
lamellae
part of osteon:
concentric rings of bone
canaliculi
part of osteon:
spongy bone
type of bone structure:
trabeculae
series of branching, overlapping plates of matrix in the spongy bone
spaces in spongy bone
yellow bone marrow
adipose tissue around the trabeculae
axial endoskeleton
endoskeleton according to position:
appendicular endoskeleton
endoskeleton according to position:
skull
cranium
aka braincase
nasal bones
bone in skull:
sphenethmoid
bone in skull:
median, single irregularly shaped bone posterior to nasal bones
frontoparietal
bone in skull:
prootics
bone in skull:
foramen magnum
bone in skull:
exoccipital
bone in skull:
occipital condyles
bone in skull: