LBYZOOL Activity 07-09 (Lab Exam 3)

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Anura

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Order frogs and toads belong in

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Frog

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  • "Rana pipiens"
  • smooth or slimy skin that is moist
  • long, strong, hind legs that aid them in leaping
  • big bulging eyes
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Toad External Anatomy, The Skeletal System, & The Muscular System

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283 Terms

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Anura

Order frogs and toads belong in

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Frog

  • "Rana pipiens"
  • smooth or slimy skin that is moist
  • long, strong, hind legs that aid them in leaping
  • big bulging eyes
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Toad

  • "Rhinella marina"
  • thicker, bumpy, skin that is usually dry
  • shorter hind legs, more suitable for walking
  • more subtle eyes
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2 Major Layers of Frog Skin

Epidermis & Dermis

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Epidermis

layer of frog skin:

  • stratified epithelium
  • has 2 sublayers: stratum corneum & germinativum
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stratum corneum

sublayer of frog epidermis:

  • outermost stratified layer
  • thin dead squamous keratinized cells
  • constantly removed when shed
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Ecdysis

  • aka molting
  • process when frogs shed its skin
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stratum germinativum

sublayer of frog epidermis:

  • living cuboidal to columnar stratified epithelial tissue
  • continuously divide to replace the shed-off layer
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chromatophores

  • connective tissue which contains pigments
  • at the junction of epidermis and dermis
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melanophores

black pigment containing cells found at the junction of the dermis and epidermis

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Dermis

layer of frog skin:

  • inner layer of skin
  • has 2 sublayers: stratum laxum/spongiosum & compactum
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stratum laxum/spongiosum

layer of frog dermis:

  • outer sublayer of dermis
  • loosely arranged connective tissue & blood vessels
  • cutaneous glands gives spongy appearance
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cutaneous glands

posion glands & mucous glands

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poison gland

gland in stratum laxum/spongiosum:

  • larger glands
  • less numerous
  • posses thin epithelial wall
  • blue arrow
<p>gland in stratum laxum/spongiosum:</p>
<ul>
<li>larger glands</li>
<li>less numerous</li>
<li>posses thin epithelial wall</li>
<li>blue arrow</li>
</ul>
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mucous glands

gland in stratum laxum/spongiosum:

  • small
  • more numerous
  • thicker wall
  • red arrow
<p>gland in stratum laxum/spongiosum:</p>
<ul>
<li>small</li>
<li>more numerous</li>
<li>thicker wall</li>
<li>red arrow</li>
</ul>
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stratum compactum

layer of frog dermis:

layers of white fibrous connective tissue

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dorsal

back or upper surface of an organism

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ventral

stomach or lower surface of an organism

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anterior

head end of an organism

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posterior

tail end of an organism

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bilateral symmetry

left & right halves of an organism are mirrored portions

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main axis of toads

horizontal axis

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3 planes of the toad body

frontal, sagittal (longitudinal), & transverse (cross)

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frontal

plane dividing the body into dorsal & ventral sections

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sagittal

plane dividing the body into left & right sections

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transverse

plane dividing the body into anterior & posterior sections

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locations relative to the center of the body

medial, lateral, proximal, proximal, & distal

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medial

location near the middle

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lateral

location to the sides

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proximal

part of a structure that is nearer the origin

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distal

part farther from the origin

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regions of the body

axial & appendicular regions

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axial region

region:

  • head & trunk
  • joined together by a very short neck, thereby restricting movement of the head
  • structural functions
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head

portion in axial region:

contains snout, mouth, external nares, eyes, browspot, tympanic membrane, & paratoid gland

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snout

external part of head:

  • blunt apex found on the tip of the head
  • most anterior portion of the head
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mouth

external part of head:

  • for feeding
  • extending tongue
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external nares

external part of head:

  • paired openings at the tip of the snout connected to internal nares (breathing)
  • arrow 1
<p>external part of head:</p>
<ul>
<li>paired openings at the tip of the snout connected to internal nares (breathing)</li>
<li>arrow 1</li>
</ul>
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eyes

external part of head:

  • dorsolateral portion of the head
  • used to push down food; closes when they swallow
  • contains: upper & lower eyelids, nictitating membrane
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upper eyelid

part of eye:

thicker eyelid; does NOT move

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lower eyelid

part of eye:

thinner eyelid; moves

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nictitating membrane

part of eye:

  • thin, transparent
  • protects eyeballs
  • keeps eyes moist when underwater
  • arrow 2
<p>part of eye:</p>
<ul>
<li>thin, transparent</li>
<li>protects eyeballs</li>
<li>keeps eyes moist when underwater</li>
<li>arrow 2</li>
</ul>
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browspot

external part of head:

  • circular spot between the eyes
  • displays where part of the skull development took place
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tympanic membrane

external part of head:

  • Posterolateral to the eye
  • ovoid region of tightly drawn skin
  • frog’s ear / ear drum
  • covers auditory canal
  • protects inner ear from outer environment
  • arrow 3
<p>external part of head:</p>
<ul>
<li>Posterolateral to the eye</li>
<li>ovoid region of tightly drawn skin</li>
<li>frog’s ear / ear drum</li>
<li>covers auditory canal</li>
<li>protects inner ear from outer environment</li>
<li>arrow 3</li>
</ul>
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paratoid gland

external part of head:

  • behind tympanic membrane at each side of head
  • large swelling
  • large aggregate of poison glands
  • secrete poisonous mucus
  • only found in toad
  • arrow 4
<p>external part of head:</p>
<ul>
<li>behind tympanic membrane at each side of head</li>
<li>large swelling</li>
<li>large aggregate of poison glands</li>
<li>secrete poisonous mucus</li>
<li>only found in toad</li>
<li>arrow 4</li>
</ul>
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Croak

  • only male frogs can do this
  • to find a mate & defend their territory
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Trunk

portion in axial region:

contains sacral hump & cloacal aperture

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sacral hump

external part of trunk:

pelvis is elongated and higher at the spine

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cloacal aperture

external part of trunk:

  • aka anus
  • most posterior part of the trunk on the dorsal side
  • exit cavity for excretory, urinary, reproductive system
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appendicular region

region:

  • forelimbs & hindlimbs
  • function for movement
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Forelimbs

portion in appendicular region:

  • anterior pair
  • short
  • used to raise or support the body when the frog is at rest
  • contains: upper & lower arm, wrist, & hand
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brachium

external part of forelimbs:

  • upper arm
  • arrow 6
<p>external part of forelimbs:</p>
<ul>
<li>upper arm</li>
<li>arrow 6</li>
</ul>
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antebrachium

external part of forelimbs:

  • lower arm / forearm
  • arrow 5
<p>external part of forelimbs:</p>
<ul>
<li>lower arm / forearm</li>
<li>arrow 5</li>
</ul>
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carpus

external part of forelimbs:

wrist

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manus

external part of forelimbs:

  • hand
  • 4 digits + prepollux
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prepollux

5th rudimentary thumb

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hindlimbs

portion in appendicular region:

  • posterior pair
  • long
  • well adapted for jumping and swimming
  • contains: thigh, shank, & pes
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thigh

external part of hindlimbs:

  • upper leg
  • arrow 7
<p>external part of hindlimbs:</p>
<ul>
<li>upper leg</li>
<li>arrow 7</li>
</ul>
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crus

external part of hindlimbs:

  • shank / lower leg
  • arrow 8
<p>external part of hindlimbs:</p>
<ul>
<li>shank / lower leg</li>
<li>arrow 8</li>
</ul>
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pes

external part of hindlimbs:

  • foot
  • contains tarsus, metatarsus, 5 fully-webbed toes + prehallux
  • arrow 10
<p>external part of hindlimbs:</p>
<ul>
<li>foot</li>
<li>contains tarsus, metatarsus, 5 fully-webbed toes + prehallux</li>
<li>arrow 10</li>
</ul>
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tarsus

external part of hindlimbs:

  • long ankle
  • arrow 9
<p>external part of hindlimbs:</p>
<ul>
<li>long ankle</li>
<li>arrow 9</li>
</ul>
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metatarsus

external part of hindlimbs:

instep

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prehallux

6th rudimentary toe

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skin on the dorsal side

skin with warty appearance

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sex-distinguishing external characteristics

skin pigmentation in jaw, thumb pads, & relative size

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male frogs

sex of frog:

  • distinct dark pigmentation on skin on the ventral side of the jaw
  • generally smaller
  • thumb pads are enlarged or swollen
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Nuptial pad

  • patch of textured skin on male's enlarged thumb
  • helps cling to female during amplexus
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amplexus

  • mating position of frogs
  • false copulation
  • release sperm to water and not inside the female
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female frogs

sex of frog:

  • pigments are diffused (NO distinct dark pigmentation)
  • relatively bigger
  • thumb pads of the inner fingers are NOT swollen
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chloroform

  • liquid used as an anesthesia for the frog/toad specimen
  • rinsed off the dead/preserved specimen before dissection
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skeletal system

organ system:

  • serves as support or framework for the softer parts of the body
  • provide a firm surface for the attachment of muscles used in movement and locomotion
  • supplies calcium to the blood
  • important site in the formation of blood cells
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2 Types of Skeleton

Exoskeleton & Endoskeleton

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Exoskeleton

type of skeleton:

  • hardened bony or horny structures that develop in the skin and provide external protection to the animal
  • poorly developed in frogs
  • 2 kinds: chitinous & calcium-carbonate
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chitinous exoskeleton

type of exoskeleton:

  • made up of chitin
  • arthropods, insects, arachnids, crustaceans
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calcium-carbonate exoskeleton

type of exoskeleton:

  • hard shell
  • phylum mollusca: snail, bivalves (scallops)
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Endoskeleton

type of skeleton:

  • almost entirely of bone and cartilage
  • skeleton of frog
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Tendon

connective tissue that serves as attachment of (skeletal) muscles and bones

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Aponeurosis

broad, flat, and sheet-like tendon

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2 Types of Bone Structure

Compact Bone & Spongy Bone

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Compact Bone

type of bone structure:

  • dense layer from the outside of the bone
  • presence of concentric osteons
<p>type of bone structure:</p>
<ul>
<li>dense layer from the outside of the bone</li>
<li>presence of concentric osteons</li>
</ul>
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osteon

  • functional unit of compact bone
  • made up of lacunae, osteocytes, haversian canal, lamellae, & canaliculi
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lacunae

part of osteon:

tiny spaces in the matrix

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osteocytes

part of osteon:

bone cells trapped in lacunae

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haversian canal

part of osteon:

series of microscopic tubes with blood vessels and nerves

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lamellae

part of osteon:

concentric rings of bone

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canaliculi

part of osteon:

  • passageways for materials to move between cells
  • tiny channels between the lacunae
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spongy bone

type of bone structure:

  • aka Cancellous Bone
  • Sponge-like meshwork consisting of trabeculae
  • spaces are continuous & occupied by yellow bone marrow & blood vessels
<p>type of bone structure:</p>
<ul>
<li>aka Cancellous Bone</li>
<li>Sponge-like meshwork consisting of trabeculae</li>
<li>spaces are continuous &amp; occupied by yellow bone marrow &amp; blood vessels</li>
</ul>
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trabeculae

series of branching, overlapping plates of matrix in the spongy bone

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spaces in spongy bone

  • storage/pockets to hold blood-forming cells (hemopoietic tissue) of bone marrow
  • function in weight reduction
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yellow bone marrow

adipose tissue around the trabeculae

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axial endoskeleton

endoskeleton according to position:

  • located at the center or axis of the body
  • skull, visceral skeleton, vertebral column, ribs, & sternum
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appendicular endoskeleton

endoskeleton according to position:

  • located laterally or in the region of the extremities or appendages
  • pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, forelimbs, & hindlimbs
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skull

  • flattened dorsoventrally
  • wider posteriorly and narrow anteriorly
  • encloses the brain and sense organs
  • includes cranium & the visceral skeleton
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cranium

aka braincase

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nasal bones

bone in skull:

  • flat, triangular-shaped bones on the dorsal surface of the skull behind the nares
  • dark blue portion
<p>bone in skull:</p>
<ul>
<li>flat, triangular-shaped bones on the dorsal surface of the skull behind the nares</li>
<li>dark blue portion</li>
</ul>
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sphenethmoid

bone in skull:

median, single irregularly shaped bone posterior to nasal bones

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frontoparietal

bone in skull:

  • 2 long slender flat bones, posterior to the nasal bones
  • may be fused so they appear as a single bone
  • cover most of the brain
  • wide at posterior end, where they join the prootics
  • gray portion
<p>bone in skull:</p>
<ul>
<li>2 long slender flat bones, posterior to the nasal bones</li>
<li>may be fused so they appear as a single bone</li>
<li>cover most of the brain</li>
<li>wide at posterior end, where they join the prootics</li>
<li>gray portion</li>
</ul>
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prootics

bone in skull:

  • joined by frontoparietals
  • enclose inner ears
  • dark green portion
<p>bone in skull:</p>
<ul>
<li>joined by frontoparietals</li>
<li>enclose inner ears</li>
<li>dark green portion</li>
</ul>
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foramen magnum

bone in skull:

  • large opening at the posterior end of the skull where spinal cord passes
  • uncolored area under the gray portion
<p>bone in skull:</p>
<ul>
<li>large opening at the posterior end of the skull where spinal cord passes</li>
<li>uncolored area under the gray portion</li>
</ul>
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exoccipital

bone in skull:

  • surrounding the posterior part of the brain
  • bottom gray portion
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occipital condyles

bone in skull:

  • pair of prominent bones projecting from exoccipital
  • light blue portion
<p>bone in skull:</p>
<ul>
<li>pair of prominent bones projecting from exoccipital</li>
<li>light blue portion</li>
</ul>