Microbiology Chapter 11: Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea

What is taxonomy?

science that studies organisms in order to arrange them into groups

What do we use in order to arrange organisms into the correct group?

1. Identification

2. Nomenclature

3. Classification

What is nomenclature?

naming system

What is classification?

Organizing living organisms into groups

What are things we use to identify organisms? (4 things)

1. Microscopic exam

2. Culture characteristics

3. Nucleic acid analysis

4. Disease Symptom

What is phylogeny?

Evolutionary relatedness of a species

Why is it more difficult to find phylogeny for prokaryotes versus eukaryotes? (3 things)

1. Asexual reproduction

2. Cell morphology

3. Gene aids and identification

What are the 3 domains organisms can be classified into? (3 domains)

1.Bacteria

2. Archaea

3. Eukaryotes

Is it possible that groups that share similar phenotypic and physiological characteristics may not be genetically related? Why?

Yes - can be based off endospore formers, lactic acid bacteria, sulfide reducers

What is a photoautotroph?

a photoautotroph is an organism that can harness sunlight to create energy via photosynthesis (e.g. plants)

What is the carbon source for a photoautotroph?

CO2

What is the energy source for a photoautotroph?

sunlight

What is the energy source for a photoheterotroph?

Sunlight

What is the carbon source for a photoheterotroph?

organic compounds

What is the energy source for a chemolithotroph?

inorganic molecules

What is the carbon source for a chemolithotroph?

Co2

What is the carbon source for a chemoorganotroph?

Organic Compounds

What is the energy source for a chemoorganotroph?

organic molecules

What does anoxic mean? Where are some habitats that are anoxic?

no oxygen, soil

What are some anoxic organisms?

1. Anaerobic chemolithotrophs

2. Anaerobic chemoorganotrophs

How did Earth acquire oxygen in our atmosphere?

Byproduct of organisms

What are methanogens?

Arache that produce methane

Methanogens: Energy from ________ as a terminal electron acceptor.

1. H2 and Co2

Where can methanogens be found?

Wetlands, digestive track of cows/ humans, Marine and fresh water sediments, Landfill sites

Anaerobic Chemoorganotrophs: Obtain their energy from ______.

Fermentation

Genus Clostridium: Gram ______rods and produce __________.

1. Positive

2. Endospores

Genus Clostridium: Found in _________ microevironments in soil.

Anaerobic

What are some examples of clostridium species? (3 examples)

1. C tetani (Teatnus)

2. C pefringens (Gas gangrene)

3. C. Botulinum (Botulism)

Lactic acid bacteria: Gram _________. Produce _____________ by _______________.

1. Positive

2. Lactic Acid

3. Fermentation

What are four examples of lactic acid bacteria?

1. Streptococcus

2. Lactococcus

3. Enterococcus

4. Lactobacillus

Anoxygenic Phototrophs: Electron source is _______________ or ______molecules_________________.

1. Organic Molecules

2. Hydrogen Sulfide

What do Anoxygenic Phototrophs use for energy?

Photosynthesis

Anoxygenic Phototrophs: How are these different from typical phototrophs?

Water, produce O2

Oxygenic Phototrophs: Electron source is ________________

water

Cyanobacteria: Gram __________ bacteria.

Negative

Cyanobacteria: Where are they found?

Soil, Rock surfaces, freshwater and marine habitat

Cyanobacteria: Why are these important in our history?

Earliest photosynthetic organisms

Cyanobacteria: Why are they still relevant today?

Can cause toxic water contaminants (Blooms)

Aerobic Chemoorganotrophs: Terminal electron acceptor is ___________.

Oxygen

What can Aerobic Chemoorganotrophs be classified as? (two classifications)

1. Obligate aerobes

2. Facultative anaerobes

Obligate Aerobes: Use only _______respiration.

Aerobic

Genus Micrococcus are gram ______ cocci.

Postive

Where can genus micrococcus be found?

Found in soil and dust, salty conditions

Genus Micrococcus: what is the color of their colony?

Produce yellow/orange pigmented colonies

Genus Micrococcus: What is an example of this?

M. luteus

Genus Mycobacterium are Gram _____ bacteria.

Postive

Genus Mycobacterium: can be found in?

Live on dead and decaying matter

Genus Mycobacterium: are they acid fast baceria?

Yes

Genus Mycobacterium: What is the shape morphology?

Pleomorphic rods

Genus Mycobacterium: What are two examples of this?

M. tuberculosis and

M. leprae

Pseudomonas are gram ________ rods

Negative

Pseudomonas: Where can they be found?

Soil and Water

Pseudomonas: what is an example of this?

P. aeruginosa - common opportunistic pathogen

Facultative Anaerobes: Use either ____________ or __________.

1. Anaerobic

2. Fermentation

Enterobacteriaceae: AKA _______ or _________.

1. Enteric

2. Enterobacteria

Enterobacteriaceae: Gram ____ bacteria

Negative

Enterobacteriaceae: What are so examples of this? (4 examples)

1. E.Coli

2. Salmonella

3. Typhoid fever

4. Shigella Species (Dysentery)

Enterobacteriaceae: Where can these be found?

G.I tract

What are coliforms?

Common intestinal Enteric bacteria that ferment lactose

Coliforms are Gram ______ bacteria.

Gram Negative

What are coliforms used for?

Indicator for fecal pollution

How can organisms survive the conditions of terrestrial environments?

Can inhabit soil and go into resting stages during dry season

What are some examples of resting state structures? (4 examples)

1. Endospores

2. Cysts

3. Fruiting bodies

4. Mycelium

How can organisms survive the conditions of aquatic environments?

Create clustering sheath

How do bacteria survive in aquatic environments?

Chains in tubes chains

Why do animal bodies create great habitats for microbes?

1. Skin

2. Mucus

3. Intracellular

Archaea are organisms that thrive in ____________________________.

High Salts

Archaea: What are some examples? (4 examples)

1. Halobacterium

2. Halorubrum

3. Natronobacterium

4. Natronococcus

When you see the term "halo" what does this tell you about the organism?

Can survive salty environments

When you see the term "thermo" what does this tell you about the organism?

Can survive hot temperatures

Lactic acid bacteria such as Lactococcus are _________

Obligate fermenters

Streptococcus pyogenes are _____ hemolytic

Beta

Anoxygenic phototrophs get their energy source from ______________

hydrogen sulfide or organic compounds

Cyanobacteria are ___________ cells

Prokaryotic

Pseudomonas are ________________________ and ________________________

1. resistant to many disinfectants and antimicrobials.

2. harmless except for the P. aeruginosa.

Bacteria that may form endospores include __________ and ________

Clostridium and Bacillus

Archaea are typically found living in extreme environments. An exception to this are the

Methanogens

The skin and oral cavity may have anaerobic microenvironments. (True or false)

True

It has been estimated that 99% of the intestinal bacteria are __________.

facultative anaerobes