19 Bovine Respiratory Disease: Therapeutics and Antimicrobial Stewardship

Stress + virus/bacteria in throat = pneumonia

What simplified process causes pneumonia in cattle?

Prophylaxis

This is action taken to prevent disease such as vaccination and health/herd screening for disease where the goal is to stop a disease from happening in healthy animals

Metaphylaxis

This is the use of antimicrobials in a group of animals that are at a high risk of developing a disease

Treatment

This is medical or therapeutic care given to an animal with an illness or injury

Antimicrobials

This is any substance given to kill or inhibit the growth of a microorganism (bacteria, fungi, virus, parasite)

Antibiotics

This is a medication that kills, inhibits, or stops the growth of BACTERIA, used to treat a bacterial infection

Antimicrobial stewardship

This is the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects of the patient and minimal impact on subsequent resistance

Resistance

This is the ability of a pathogen or organism to withstand a drug or other treatment, where the treatment is no longer effective against the pathogen

Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act

What does AMDUCA 1994 stand for?

b. there is no approved drug labeled for such use that contains the same active drug in required dosage form and concentration

c. the approved drug is clinically ineffective

e. the proposed drug is not on the prohibited list

When would you use a drug extra-label according to AMDUCA:

a. the drug you are using is going to be cheaper

b. there is no approved drug labeled for such use that contains the same active drug in required dosage form and concentration

c. the approved drug is clinically ineffective

d. the drug is more convenient for the clinician to formulate

e. the proposed drug is not on the prohibited list

f. the drug has too long of a withdrawal period, and the owner does not want to wait that long

Chloramphenicol

Which drug can you NOT USE in food animal AT ALL because it causes aplastic anemia in people

Food animal Residue avoidance databank

What is FARAD

Antibiotics, fluids, anti inflammatories, and nutritional support

What are the main therapeutics of Bovine respiratory disease?

Beta lactams (penicillin, cephalosporin)

note: remember NOT MYCOPLASMA

What antibiotics are typically reached for with bovine respiratory disease treatment?

Ceftiofur (excede, naxcel, excenel)

Name the drugs that have 0 days of milk withdrawal, great to use in lactating dairy cattle

Cell wall

Where do beta lactams attack bacteria

Respiratory disease, foot rot, and mastitis

What the indicated uses for ceftiofurs like excede in dairy cattle?

a. tulathromycin (Draxxin)

b. Gamithromycin (Zactran)

f. Tilmicosin (Micotil)

Select the macrolides:

a. tulathromycin (Draxxin)

b. Gamithromycin (Zactran)

c. Oxytetracycline (LA 300)

d. Florfenicol (Nuflor)

e. Gentamicin

f. Tilmicosin (Micotil)

c. Oxytetracycline (LA 300)

e. Chlortetracycline (Aureomycin)

Select the tetracyclines:

a. tulathromycin (Draxxin)

b. Gamithromycin (Zactran)

c. Oxytetracycline (LA 300)

d. Florfenicol (Nuflor)

e. Chlortetracycline (Aureomycin)

f. Tilmicosin (Micotil)

b. Gentamicin

d. Amikacin

Select the Aminoglycosides:

a. tulathromycin (Draxxin)

b. Gentamicin

c. Oxytetracycline (LA 300)

d. Amikacin

e. Chlortetracycline (Aureomycin)

f. Tilmicosin (Micotil)

Macrolide Tilmicosin (Micotil)

Which drug do you need to be INCREDIBLY CAREFUL because it is *cardiotoxic to humans and other species*

Tetracycline Chlortetracycline (Aureomycin)

Which drug MUST you have a VFD for?

Aminoglycosides in general. Includes amikacin and gentamicin

Which drug do you need to SERIOUSLY consider using in cattle because it has an *18 month* meat withdrawal period?

Macrolides (tulathromycin, gamithromycin, tilmicosin)

What antibiotic is labeled for treatment against mycoplasma

TRUE: this is why you have LA 200 and LA 300. 200 mg/mL often lasts 2 days, 300 mg/mL often lasts 3 days

TRUE OR FALSE: oxytetracycline is concentration dependent

Chlortetracycline (auroemycin)

This antibiotic is labeled for anaplasmosis and respiratory metaphylaxis and liver abscess that may be caused by respiratory disease in cattle, formulated as crumbles on feed

Florfenicol (Nuflor)

This antibiotic has 2 different doses with two different withdrawal times (SQ LASTS 72 hours, IM LASTS 8 days = this is not the same as withdrawal, but the time you can consider giving a new drug)

Fluoroquinolones: Enrofloxacin (Baytril)

This antibiotic is labeled for RESPIRATORY DISEASE ONLY in poultry, pigs, and cattle

Fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin) and Sulfonamides (Sulfadimethoxine)

What are two VERY IMPORTANT ANTIBIOTICS which cannot be used off label in food producing animals?

Sodium chloride, lactated ringers, and hypertonic saline

What fluids can you give IV to cattle for therapy of bovine respiratory disease?

Flunixin meglumine (banamine)

POTENTIALLY dexamethasone (but NOT in pregnant animals) and meloxicam

Name some antiinflammatories you can give cattle to manage bovine respiratory disease