histology

Kertained startsifed squamous

hair, skin ,nails, mutlipe cell layers, epermidermis so pals and soles heavly kertinazed, thicker areas

strasfied squamos epitheleim

resist abrasion, protects underlying tissue, loocation is the oral cavity upper respitory tract. livign cells on free surfuce.

startsifed cubdoil epithelium

rows are neat and organzied, function is secretion , sweat glands

transitional epithelium

cells can change shape, rows are disorganized, water proof, found in uriary tracts

goblet cell

exocrine- specific space on free surfaces, into organs , endocrine- hormones anywhere inside body or bloodstream,

acinus (acini)

contain secretory epithelia

merocrine glands

make product and screte into hlades by exocyytosis . Example merocrine sweat glands.

holocrine glands

cell falls apart, whole chunks of cell comes out, ex sebacerous glands

characterstics of CT

mesenchyme (embryonic ct) all comes same orgin, cartidlage is avascular ( no blood supply so never heals), extarcelluar matrix mostly

connective tissue has three elements

ground substance, cells, fibers.... fibers and ground substance make matrix

cyte cell and blast cells

cyte -mature, less active, upervise activity, blast- immature very active, in ct make matrix

Macrophages

modiefied WBC's

lymphocyte

white blood cells

fat cell

adipocyte

mast cell

make histomine cause itchy allergies, inflammation

neutrophil

WBC

collagen fibers

provides flexibility and strength, stretchy

elastic

not as stretchy, more bouncy

capillary

vascular

typical aerolar ct

everywhere in body filler and package material

aerolar ct

wraps and cushions, underline every epithelium and provides blood supply (laminated propria), loose connective tissue

adipose ct

loose ct, sushions, insulates, @ puberty adisose tissues stop producing.

reticular ct

loose ct, soft internal skeleton (Stroma) , location; lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, lots of WBC

dense regular ct

all fibers go ina single direction, very strong, mostly collegen fibers, attach muscle to bone, ligaments, tendons, really tensile (pulling) in one direction.

dense irregular CT

dermis of skin, strong tensile in multuple direcctions,

elastic ct

denser irregular, walls of large artieris, lots of recoil due to elastic fibers in heart fibrous ct

hylain cartilage

slight flexible, almsot as hard as bone .Forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the

ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages

of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx.

elastic cartilage

ear, not as stong but still stiff and supportive

fibrocartilage

strong in resisting compression, found in rows, Intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint. menisci of knee

bone

osseous tissue very vascuar, heals slow but very well

blood

liquid matrix

skeletal

ver long thin cells, fiber, multinucleate cells, voluntary

cadiac

uninucleate, lots of gap junctions, 1 nucleous, auto rhythmic

smooth

Mostly in the walls

of hollow organs., iris in eye

nervous tissue

fast communication,

mucous membranes

mucosa, line cavities that are open to the exterior,

serous membranes

serosa, line cavites that are closed to the exterior

tissue repair

regneration( orgin functin) and fibrosis(scar)

scar is made of

fibrotic or granualr tissue

Inflammation sets stage

•Dilation of blood vessels

• Increase in blood vessel permeability

(open blood cells to dmaage tissues)

Area of granulation tissue ingrowth

start of fibrosis

Tissues that regenerate extremely well include

Epithelial tissues, bone, areolar connective tissue, dense

irregular connective tissue, blood-forming tissue

Tissues with virtually no functional regenerative capacity: f

Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue of brain and spinal cord, fibrosis only

Tissue with moderate regenerating capacity:

Smooth muscle and dense regular connective tissue

Hyperplasia

- tissue growth through cell multiplication

• Much of growth through childhood & adolescence

Hypertrophy

enlargement of preexisting cells

• muscle grow through exercise

• accumulation of body fat

Neoplasia

development of a tumor (neoplasm)

Differentiation

stem cells so can go for any tissue, mesenchyme to cartilage

Metaplasia

simple cuboidal tissue of vagina before puberty changes

to stratified squamous after puberty

― pseudostratified columnar epithelium of bronchi of

smokers to stratified squamous epithelium

Necrosis

premature, pathological death of tissue due

to trauma, toxins, or infections

infarction

death of tissue

gangrene

tissue necrosis due to insufficient blood

supply

decubitus ulcer

bed sore or pressure sore

▪ pressure reduces blood flow to an area

▪ a form of dry gangrene

gas gangren

anaerobic bacterial infection