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structuralism, Wilhelm Wundt
understanding the conscious existence through experience
Wilhelm Wundt
1876, did experiments to discover the components of peoples minds, by making test subjects click a button every time they heard a sound or saw an image. invented introspection. a father of psychology. German
Edward Titchener
also discovered structuralism. English
functionalism
focus on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment
William James, functionalism
disagreed with Wundt, believing that the importance was WHY the mind functions as it does, rather than WHAT it does. discovered that the mind is a continuous flow of thought. emphasizes that mental development adapts to survival. believed Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution American
Charles Darwin, theory of evolution
all organisms must survive, reproduce, and evolve
Sigmund Freud, psychoanalytic theory
1910, studied hysteria and neurosis. believed that the unconscious mind could be accessed through dream analysis and childhood experience analysis. Austrian
Gestalt Psychology
German psychologists Kohler, Koffka, and Wertheimer discovered that the sensory experience can be broken down into indiviIvandual parts, and people respond to these parts in perception.
Ivan Pavlov
classical conditioning, with dog experiments studying their salivation in relation to food and in relation to a bell that they associated with food.
John B. Watson, Behaviorism
objective analysis of the mind is impossible, so he studied observable behavior. his studies and concepts are used in cognitive behavioral therapy
B. F. Skinner
behavior is affected by its consequences. behavior can be modified through its reward and punishment
Abraham Maslow, Humanism
The Hierarchy of Need
Self-Actualization: Inner fulfillment
Esteem: Self-worth, Accomplishment, Confidence
Social: Family, Friendship, Intimacy, Bonding
Security: Safety, Employment, Assets
Physiological: Food, Water, Shelter, Warmth
Carl Rogers, Humanism
therapists need more unconditional regard, genuineness, and empathy for their patients in order to take an active and efficient role in therapy
Cognitive Revolution
after a long-term rejection of studying the mind and only studying behavior, the introduction of computer science reintroduced the study of the mind
Noam Chomsley
psychology needed to incorporate mental functioning into its focus in order to understand human behavior
Margaret Floy Washburn
first woman to get a doctorate in psychology. researched animal behavior and published an authoritative text on it
Mary Calkins
Harvard student under William James, receive dthe first APA, but Harvard wouldn’t release it to her since she was a ‘guest student’ and a woman
Biopsychology
how the structure and function of the nervous system affects behavior (EX: sleep, drug use, sensory, motor, ingestive, reproductive, neurodevelopment plasticity of neurons)
Cognitive Psychology
attention, memory, thinking, intelligence, problem-solving
empirical evidence
finding information through observations
inductive reasoning
conclusions drawn from observation. theories or hypotheses start through deductive reasoning, then it’s tested, then the results lead to new conclusions and hypoetheses
deductive reasoning
the results are predicted based on the general premise
longitudinal research
the same population is tested throughout their lifespan
cross-sectional research
multiple segments of a population are tested at a single timeq
attrition
reduction of the number of participants over time, in longitudinal studies
descriptive research
utilizes questionnaires, surveys, and other observing methods
correlation research
from -1 to 1. finds the correlation between the variables. correlation does not equal causation. can reveal a confounding (third) variable
experimental research
having a hypothesis and creating a methodology to apply to the participants in order to discover a result
operational definition
description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate independent variables
random assignment
all experiment participants have equal chance to end up on either side of the experiment (placebo or real drug)
International Review Board (IRB)
consider scientist’s experiment ideas and dictate whether or not they are ethical. ensure that all experiments give their participants informed consent and acknowledgement of possible risks and that they are free to leave at any time
statistical analysis
determines how likely the results were to have occurred by coincidence or on accident, as in, be insignificant. if the odds of it occurring by accident are 5% or less, then it is significant
reliability
same results every time
inter-rater reliability
measure of agreement among observers and how they classify the event
validity
actually measures what it’s meant to measure
debriefing
informing patients of potential risks before the test, and explaining everything that occurred and why after the test, to minimize long-term distress
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
researchers and veterinarians and other qualified people decide if animal experiment proposals are ethical or not. 90% of psychological research is on animals, due to their similar bodily processes and mental structures. used to test things that may be unethical in humans, but the experiments are meant to minimize distress in the animal
Sickle Cell Anemia
blood mutation where half of the blood cells in the person are malformed, leading to anemia and insufficient nutrient delivery (anyone with two of these genes does not survive). great for living in Africa to be immune to malaria
epigenetics
study of gene-environment interactions, such as how the same genotype leads to different phenotypes. people can watch out for what they consume and affect if their unwanted genotype will present itself or not (EX: go to therapy to minimize mental instability. wear sunscreen to minimize skin cancer)
terminal buttons
at the end of a neuron, may connect to another neuron’s dendrites
synapse
the space between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of another
resting potential
Sodium is outside the body, Potassium is inside. Chlorine and other negative proteins help to have positive net charge and cause action potential
depolarization, excitation
member potential becomes less negative, making the neuron more likely to fire
hyperpolarization, inhibition
membrane potential becomes more negative, making it less likely to fire
neurotransmitters
chemical messengers emitted by the neuron after action potential. may connect to nearby dendrites of other neurons or float away into the abyss. different types
acetylcholine
neurotransmitter. muscle action and memory
beta-endorphine
neurotransmitter. pain and pleasure
dopamine
neurotransmitter. mood, sleep, and learning
norepinephrine
neurotransmitter. heart, intestines, alertness
serotonin
neurotransmitter. mood and sleep
biological perspective
the idea that mental instabilities like depression are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitter systems in the body
psychotropic
drug that treats psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance
agonist
drug that mimics or strengthens the effects of a neurotransmitter
antagonist
drug that blocks or impedes normal activity of neurotransmitter
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
every nerve excdept or the brain and spinal cord. divided into somatic and autonomic
somatic nervous system
part of peripheral. relays sensory and motor information to the central nervous system
autonomic nervous system
part of peripheral. controls glands and internal organs, and can be divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
sympathetic nervous system
part of autonomic. stress and fight-or-flight. allows emergency access to energy reserves and heightens sensory capacity
parasympathetic nervous system
routine and normal bodily function. rest-and-restore.
sympathetic symptoms
pupil dilation. sweat inhibition. increased heart rate. lung dilation. digestion inhibition. bladder unmoving
parasympathetic symptoms
pupil constriction. sweat production. slowed heart rate. lung constriction. digestion stimulation. bladder contraction
sulci
lines in the brain. a deep sulcus is a fissure
gyri
solid chunks of the brain squiggles
longitudinal fissure
the big line down the middle of the brain
lateralization
left side controls right side of body. right side controls left side of body.
corpus callosum
the middle portion of the brain, connecting the two halves
forebrain
cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, limbic system
cerebral cortex
higher level processing. has four lobes, frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
thalamus
sensory relay
hypothalamus
homeostasis
pituitary gland
master gland of endocrine system
limbic system
emotional and memory circuit
Broca’s area
in frontal lobe. used for language
Phineas Gage
lost his frontal lobe. went from soft-spoken and well-mannered to acting innapropriately
parietal lobe
sensory and perception. has the primary somatosensory cortex, which processes sensory info like temperature, touch, and pain. it’s organized topographically (each individual section is assigned to a body part)
temporal lobe
hearing, memory, emotion, some language. near the temples. have the auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area for speech comprehension.
occipital lobe
visual processing. has the primary visual cortex, organized retinopically.
limbic system
amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus
thalamus
processes most senses except for scent
amygdala
experiencing emotion and tying it to memories
hippocampus
learning and memory, spatial awareness
hypothalamus
regulates homestatic processes like body temperature, appetite, and blood pressure
midbrain
reticular formaion, substantia nigra, and ventral tegmental area