psychology research methodss

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Situational variable

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46 Terms

1

Situational variable

variables present in the environment that might effect the results of the experiment. e.g temperature,noise,light levels

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2

Participant variable

when a participants mood,ability,nationality,etc. might effect the results

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3

order effects

when the particpants worsen or improve in the second condition because they became tired or have parcticed.

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4

standardised procedure

all parts of the procedure are kept the same. So every participant experiences the same condition

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5

investigator effects

when the researcher unintentionally gives away the aims of the investigation

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6

demand characteristics

when the participants alter their behavior because they discovered the aims of the study.

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7

counterbalncing

half of the participants experience condition A then B whilst the other half experience condition B then A. So that order effects cancel out.

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8

Random allocation or randomisation

participants are randomly assigned to a condition

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9

single blind technique

the true aims of the investigation are kept hidden from the participants

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10

double blind technique

when the aims of the investigation is kept from both the investigators and the participants.

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11

Questionnaires

Pre-written questions handed to participants which allow them to directly provide information about themselves. ADVANTAGES: highly replicable,time and cost efficient, investigator effects reduced(investigator not present)DISADVANTAGES : people may modify answers to show them selves in best light, participant samples biased, participants unable to ask for help

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12

interviews

allow participants to directly provide information about themselves.Pre-written set of questions. all participants asked the same questions.ADVANTAGES: more appropriate when dealing with sensitive or complex issues, misunderstandings may be followed up immediately. DISADVANTAGES:Participants modify answers to bring themsleves into light, interviewer effects(low inter rater reliability), time consuming.

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13

Field experiment

same as laboratory experiment but in a real life setting.ADVANTAGES-Participants may act more naturally than in laboratory,demand characteristics reduced(participants unaware they are taking part),determine cause and effect in most situations.DISADVANTAGES-researchers control over enviroment reduces validity,partcipants if unaware they are taking part may become distressed by manipulation of independent variablr,population validity reduced(reasercher no control over participants)

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14

Laboratory experiment

Take place in laboratory in a university. Directly manipulated by researcher.ADVANTAGES-cause and effect can be inferred with reasonable confidence,easy to replicate,specialist equipemnt can be used to deepen understanding.DISADVANTAGES-participants may not demonstrate real life behavior,demand characteristicts, ethical rules limit researchers

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15

Natural experiment

Reasercher does not manipulate independent variable(it is naturally occuring).ADVANTAGES-can study unethical or impractical studies if studied in a different way,researcher able to study real problems and situations,demand characteristics reduced.DISADVANTAGES-reasercher has no control over enviroment,ethical guidelines of consent may not be met,often impossible to repicate

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16

correlations

Relation ship between two variables.ADVANTAGES-use pre-existing data(time and cost effective)Study impractical or unethical studies if studied in different way,precise method(tell researchers exact strength)DISADVANTAGES-impossible to establish cause and effect, inaccurate conclusions may infer something else,only measure linear relationships(clear)

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17

case study

In depth study of a single person and focus on one aspect of their behaviour.ADVANTAGES-allow to study impractical studies,suggest new hypothesis for existing studies,complex interactions can be studiedDISADVANTAGES-hard to generalise results,ethical issues,interpretation of researcher might be different or biased to what is actually happening

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18

observation

behaviour is watched and recorded. Structured observation- decide what they record. ADVANTAGES-participants act naturally,allow researchers to study impractical or unethical studies if studied in different way,investigating new areas help produce hypothesis. DISADVANTAGES-If participants know they’re observed they can alter behavior,ethical issues(participants dont know they are being observed),Low reliability(observers dissagree on judgment)

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19

Random sampling

picked out of a hat. ADVANTAGES-not a biased sample,cost and time effective, equal chance.DISADVANTAGES-target population may not be represented,participnats may not want to take part.

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20

opportunity sampling

using participants that are ready to use.ADVANTAGES- ethical,time and cost efffective.DISADVANTAGES-biased sample not all of target population is represented,not an equal opprotunity.

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21

stratified sampling

identifies sub groups of population.ADVANTAGES-all of target population represented,most reliable results. DISADVANTAGES- time consuming,people can refuse, invalid conclusions

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22

self selected (volunteer) sampling

asking participants to take part.ADVANTAGES-most ethical,minimal effort,possible to recruit target populationDISADVANTAGES-target population may not be represnented

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23

Repeated measures

Participant experience all conditions.fewer people needed. order effect affect results. Participnat characteristics(extraneous variable) kept constant

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24

Independant measures

Each group experiences only one condition. Participant characteristics may affect results. More participants are needed

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25

Matched pairs

two groups of participants are matched on key characteristics. Time consuming.Not possible to match all characteristics.More participants are needed.

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26

experimental designs definition

three different ways of deciding which participants are in which condition.

Independent measures

repeated measures

Matched psirs

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27

reliability

when something can be repeated multiple times and you get the same result.( consistency of an outcome)

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28

internal validity(validity)

how confident are we that the test measures what it intends to.

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29

ecological validity

how generalisable the findings are to the real world.(situations or setting typical of everyday life.)

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30

population validity

how generalisable the findings are to a larger group of people(target population)

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31

Protection from harm

Participants should be no worse off when they leave an experiment as to when they arrived.

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32

informed consent

letting participants know what they are going to have to do in the study so their consent is 100% valid

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33

deception

Participants should know all the information about the experiment. Only if something might affect the results some things can be kept a secret

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34

right to withdraw

participants are able to withdraw at any moment even after the experiment finished

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35

debrief

if consent cannot be obtained participants must be fully debriefed afterwards. The participants have the right to withdraw their information

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36

Qualitative data

mainly in words

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37

Quantitive data

numerical

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38

primary data

direct for a specific research

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39

secondary data

already been collected

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40

Bar chart

data in categories

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41

histogram

groups numbers into ranges

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42

scatter graphs

used for correlation data to show relation ship.

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43

independent variable

the variable the researcher manipulates

x-axis

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44

dependent variable

the variable the researcher measures

y-axis

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45

confounding variable

when a extraneous variable isn’t controlled and impacts dependent variable

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46

Null vs Alternative hypothesis

Null: a hypothesis that predicts no significant difference or correlation in the results of a study.

Alternative hypothesis : a testable statement that predicts a significant difference or correlation.

non directional- there will be a difference but doesn’t suggest direction e.g a gender difference

directional- states the direction of the difference or correlation. e.g males higher than female

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