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two ways that animal reproduce
sexually, asexually.
asexual reproduction
mitotic division, "cloning".
what does asexual reproduction produce?
offspring that are genetically identical to each other and the parent.
what is asexual reproduction in vertebrates called?
parthenogenesis.
parthenogensis
female germ cells differentiate without sperm.
what was the first successful mammal cloning?
Dolly the sheep.
how was Dolly the sheep cloned?
nucleus transferred from adult cell to an egg whose DNA had been removed.
true or false: clones can breed normally
true.
how did scientistic know that Dolly's cloning was not just a coincidence or mistake?
the experiment was repeatable in other species.
sexual reproduction
germ cells produce gametes.
gametes
sperm and oocyte; 1/2 genetic material of each parent.
what is the advantage of sexual reproduction?
increased genetic variation.
why is the rat population in NYC so uncontrollable?
they have a very short gestation period, ovulate frequently, and have a large litter.
why is it important to have high reproductive efficiency in domestic animals?
more food and profit for the producer.
what is a negative effect of overpopulation?
resource depletion.
estrous synchronization
using hormones to control estrous cycle. used in herd animals to line up birthing cycles.
frozen semen
can be transported anywhere in the world, allowing an increase in genetic diversity.
artificial insemination
Injecting semen into the uterus by artificial means.
sex selection
benefits dairy farm in allowing many females to produce offspring, and only needing a few breeding males.
how is sex selection done?
sperm is stained with dye. X DNA will have more florescence, Y DNA will have less fluorescence.
in vitro fertilization
egg fertilized in petri dish.
embryo transfer
artificially inseminated egg inserted into mother.
what was the initial way for human pregnancy to be detected?
the rabbit test.
rabbit test for human pregnancy
serum or urine injected into female rabbit. after 2-3, dissect rabbit ovaries to observe whether or not ovulation occurred.
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
chemical detectable in blood and urine during early pregnancy.
bioassay
test using a biological model.
immunoassay
test using antibodies.
cow
adult female bovine.
heifer
young female bovine that has not given birth.
bull
intact male bovine.
steer
castrate male bovine.
calf
young bovine of either sex.
doe
female goat.
buck
male goat.
kid
young goat of either sex.
wether
castrate male goat or sheep.
ewe
female sheep.
ram/buck
intact male sheep.
lamb
young sheep of either sex.
sow
adult female pig.
gilt
young female pig that has not given birth.
boar
intact male pig.
barrow
castrate male pig.
pig/shoat
young pig of either sex.
mare
adult female horse.
filly
young female horse.
stallion
intact adult male horse.
gelding
castrate male horse.
colt
young male horse.
foal
young horse of either sex.
bitch
female dog.
dog
male dog.
pup
young dog of either sex.
queen
female cat.
tom
male cat.
kitten
young cat of either sex.
theriogenology
branch of veterinary medicine that focuses strictly on animal reproduction systems.
obstetrics
medical specialty focusing on maternity and childbirth; pre, peri, and postnatal.
gynecology
branch of human medical science that focuses on the female reproductive system.
Barker Hypothesis
signals can be sent to offspring during prenatal development that can affect the postnatal development and later life events.
lactocrine
delivery of bioactive milk-borne factors into the neonatal circulation as a consequence of nursing which ca affect developing target tissues.
mastitis
inflammation of the mammary gland.
agalactia
poor or low milk production.
competition (lactocrine disruption)
unequal delivery of milk in a litter.
how can cortisol in mother's milk across lactation reflect material life history?
high levels of stress hormone can cause offspring to be more nervous and less confident, allowing them to be more careful in dangerous environments.
microRNAs
found in exosome-like vesicles in human, cow, and pig milk.
peritoneum
connective tissue lining the abdominal cavity.
peritonitis
infection of the peritoneum.
broad ligament
part of peritoneum covering the reproductive tract.
what are the three layers of the broad ligament?
mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium.
mesovarium
part of broad ligament that supports the ovaries.
mesosalpinx
part of broad ligament that supports the oviduct.
mesometrium
part of broad ligament that supports the uterus.
what are the main functions of the broad ligament?
supports, houses reproductive organs and nerves, provides blood supply and lymph drainage.
what are the four layers of the uterine tract?
serosa, musculares, submucosa, mucosa.
submucosa and mucosa
encircled by layer of smooth muscle.
mucosa
secretes fluids to lubricate tract for sperm entry.
muscularis
muscle layer of uterus, most developed.
serosa
outermost layer or uterine tract.
where are the ovaries located?
at the back body wall, near the kidneys.
ovaries
produce female gametes and sex hormones.
female gametes
ova (eggs)
female sex hormones produced by the ovaries
steroids (androgens, estrogens, progestins), protein (inhibit, relaxin).
five stages of follicles in the ovaries
primordial, primary, secondary, developing astral (tertiary), antral.
primordial follicles
primary oocyte surrounded by single layer of squamous epithelial. non-growing and may last for many years.
primary follicle
immature oocyte surrounded by cuboidal epithelial cells. growing, may become antral follicle.
secondary follicle
primary oocyte surrounded by cuboidal epithelial cells/granulosa cells. no antrum.
developing antral (tertiary) follicle
contains antral space (cavity) filled with follicular fluid, set to ovulate. multiple avascular granulosa cell layers.
antral (dominant) follicle
contains antrum, filled with follicular fluid. final stage in which the follicle will break through ovary during ovulation.
outer covering of ovary
germinal epithelium and tunica albuginea (connective tissue).
cortex of ovaries
contains stroma, corpora lutea, corpora albicans, and follicles.
medulla of ovaries
innermost layer that contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
what are the three differences of the equine ovary compared to other mammals?
medulla and cortex are reversed; follicles and corpora luteal are located in the interior of the ovary; ovulation occurs at a single location.
ovulation fossa
sole site of ovulation in equine ovaries.
graafian follicle
mature follicle.
granulosa cells
produces estrogens, progestins; avascular.
corpus hemmorrhagicum
blood filled cavity where follicle ovulated.
what do granulosa and theca cells differentiate into following follicular rupture?
luteal cells.
luteal cells
produce progesterone.
what occurs the corpus luteus if pregnancy does not occur?
progesterone from luteal cells drops, and corpus luteus dies to form the corpus albicans.
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