Basics of speech sound development

Traditional Motoric Approach

Treatment for this approach is focused on the speed, mobility, and precision of the articulators

motor maturation

The traditional motoric approach assumes that the process of normal development is primarily a matter of _____ _______

Natural phonology theory

Theory that says during development, children use regular substitutions to simplify adult word forms. Children use interim pronunciations until they learn to use harder sounds.

linguistic treatment approaches

The goal of this class of treatment is to facilitate sound contrasts, sequences, sound classes, or to establish new syllable shapes

cognitive functioning, perceptual abilities, linguistic systems, motor abilities, sensory abilities (hearing, proprioception)

five factors that build a child’s phonological system

phonology

The language component governing the patterns of speech sounds

Sander (1972)

This person’s 1972 developmental norms chart is frequently misinterpreted: The start of the black bar is 50% accuracy and the end is 90% accuracy

Shirberg (1993)

Reported developmental norms as the early 8, middle 8, and late 8

b, p, d, m, n, j, w, h

Shirberg’s early 8 sounds

t, k, g, f, v, ŋ, dʒ, tʃ

shirberg’s middle 8 sounds

s, z, l, r, ʃ, θ, ð, ʒ

Shirberg’s late 8 sounds

Powell (1991)

Developed a list of 22 Factors SLPs consider when making target selections

populations, control, connected speech, experience, speech sound disorders

Methodological issues with using developmental norms: not all data is appropriate for all ________, lack of _______ for important variables, testing participants in single words vs ________ ______, __________ of examiners, not clear if certain studies included children with ____ ______ ______.

If we decide to wait to treat a child until a sound is typically mastered, that is more time that they have to fall behind their peers. We expect children to develop sounds gradually and give them the time to do so, but for a child with a SSD, we wait until they are expected to h ave a sound at 100% to treat, even though they have had it at 0% for far too long already.

Problem with using norms for eligibility: explain what is meant by norms “holding children with SSD to a different standard”

false: While sounds tend to develop in a similar order, environment can make a difference.

True or false: there is a universal order that sounds always develop

false: though less complex sounds tend to develop first, this is not a requirement. You don’t need to be able to say a /b/ to say “th”

True or false: easier/less complex and early developing sounds are required before later/more complex sounds will come

developmental norms

Of Powell’s (1991) 22 factors, only three are related to ______ _______

allophones

variations of phonemes that do not change word meanings, and , although one person's pronunciation can be measurably distinct from another person's, listeners still perceive these as being the same

phonemic

as related to the abstract system of sound; for example, the idealized and abstract description of /s/ is __________

phonetic

as related to concrete productions of specific sounds

phonetics

the study of speech sounds in terms of their physical, physiological, and acoustic properties

unmarked sounds

sounds that appear to be natural; they tend to be easier to acquire, and thus are acquired earlier

marked sounds

sounds are less natural and tend to be acquired later (/th/)

dipthongs

two vowels are combined and are produced by a continuous change in the vocal tract shape

secondary disorder

When another area is considered the primary basis for the child’s communication disorder, their communication disorder is a _______ _______

Case history, standardized articulation/phonology test, conversational sample, standardized language test, stimulability testing, oral mech/oral peripheral exam, hearing screening, phonological awareness assessment

8 components of a speech evaluation

phonological awareness assessment

Component of a speech evaluation that is only needed if the child is in kindergarten or older

stimulability

ability to correctly imitate a sound that was initially in error when provided with auditory and visual cues by the clinician

1. The child is physically capable of producing the sound

2. Level of phonological knowledge: Greater stimulability is thought to be akin to greater underlying phonological knowledge

two things that stimulability is thought to reveal

Lof (1996)

Whose 1996 research described the factors associated with stimulability?

visible

Lof (1996) found that the more ________ a speech sound, the better it was imitated

perception (Also Otitis Media history)

Surprising factor Lof said was not associated with stimulability

stimulability

Childrren with poor ________ skills are unlikely to make gains due to maturation

natural phonology theory

Theory that proposes that phonological processes are innate processes that simplify the adult target word. believed that children represent or store speech forms correctly. What leads to the use of phonological processes is output constraints, or constraints on production that lead to simplification of the adult model