When one section of a structure slides over another along its weakness
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Bend/buckle
When compressive forces are exerted on a structure and causes the material to bend on the inside of the curve and pull/snap on the outside of the curve until it gives way
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Torsion
Application of twisting forces to a structure
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Metal fatigue
Metal weakening after experiencing bending or twisting forces over a period of time
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Shearing
What does torsion cause?
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3 things to think about when designing with forces
Distribute the load, direct forces using angles, shape the materials
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Distributing load
Ensuring no part of the structure carries most of the load
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Directing forces using angles
Direct forces along angled components so forces hold pieces together instead of pulling them apart
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Shaping materials
Shape the materials to withstand a specific type of force
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Examples of distributing the load
triangles
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Examples of directing forces using angles
arches, keystones
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Examples of shaping materials
“I-beam”, “T-beam”, corrugated cardboard
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Cantilever
Horizontal board/span supported by a very strong column at one end
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Braces
Used to direct the forces through the solid part of the structure to the ground
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Buttress
Architectural structure built against a wall or arch to support it
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Flying Buttress
Columns on the outside of a structure that connects to the building near the top to support outer walls
Eg. Notre Dame Cathedral, Westminster Abbey…
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What are some famous examples of flying buttresses
Notre Dame Cathedral, Westminster Abbey
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What are some examples of bend and buckle?
Blades of grass, car bumpers, accordions
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What is an example of a structure that needs distributive load?
Frame structures that can get pushed and pulled out of shape.
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What are 3 things designers need to keep in mind when building a stable structure?
Friction, low centre of gravity, large base
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What does friction do?
Friction holds a structure in place because it resists motion.
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How does friction occur?
By contact between two surfaces.
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What is a problem with friction?
Too little or too much friction can cause problems.
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What are some examples of friction?
Fasteners (nails/screws) and brick layers.
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What is the low centre of gravity?
The specific point where all mass is evenly distributed around.
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How would you find the centre of gravity in an irregular shape?
Studied by 1 person
