exam 4 clcv102

Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

Neurons

Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information.

Synapse

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

Synaptic Cleft

The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic cell.

Myelin

a fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses

Cerebell/o

cerebellum

cerebr/o

cerebrum

encephal/o

brain

medull/o

medulla oblongata

mening/o

meninges (membranes covering brain and spinal cord)

myel/o

spinal cord, bone marrow

neur/o

nerve

pont/o

pons

thalam/o

thalamus

scler/o

hardening

tom/o

to cut

vascul/o

blood vessel

meningocele

protrusion of the meninges

-malacia

softening

Four sections of the brain

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brain stem

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

record of the electrical activity of the brain

encephalalgia

brain pain

-esthesia

sensation

meninges

three layers of connective tissue in which the brain and spinal cord are wrapped

pia mater

thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

arachnoid mater

weblike middle layer of the three meninges

dura mater

thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

-plegia

paralysis

pons

the part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus.

Alzheimer's disease

a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

progressive muscle atrophy caused by degeneration and scarring of neurons along the lateral columns of the spinal cord that control muscles

anticonvulsant

medication to reduce excitability of neurons and to prevent uncontrolled neuron activity associated with seizures

cerebral palsy

nonprogressive brain damage resulting from defect, trauma, or oxygen deprivation at time of birth

cerebrospinal fluid

Fluid in the space between the meninges that acts as a shock absorber that protects the central nervous system.

infarct

Area of dead tissue after a lack of blood supply

computed tomography (CT)

brain-imaging method using computer-controlled X-rays of the brain

hydrocephalus

accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain

multiple sclerosis

myelin sheath destruction. disruptions in nerve impulse conduction

myasthenia gravis

a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles

Parkinson's disease

chronic disorder of the nervous system with fine tremors, muscular weakness, rigidity, and shuffling gait

shingles

viral disease that affects the peripheral nerves and causes blisters on the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves

spina bifida

congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts

subdural hematoma

collection of blood under the dura mater

endocrin

secrete within

exocrin

secrete out of

Endocrinologist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the endocrine glands (hormone imbalances)

hypersecretion

too much hormone

hyposecretion

too little hormone

adrenal glands

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

parathyroid glands

small pea-like organs that regulate calcium and phosphate balance in blood, bones, and other tissues

pancreas

An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.

pineal gland

secretes melatonin

pituitary gland

The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

thymus gland

lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response

thyroid gland

produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth

aden/o

gland

adren/o, adrenal/o

adrenal glands

crin/o

to secrete

oophar/oo ovari/o

ovary

orchi/o, testicul/o

testes

pancreat/o

pancreas

Parathyroid/o

parathyroid glands

pineal/o

pineal gland

pituitar/o

pituitary gland; hypophysis

thym/o

thymus gland

thyr/o

thyroid gland

acr/o

extremities

ophthalm/o

eye

outer adrenal cortex

manufactures hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and steroid sex hormones

Inner Adrenal Cortex

marrow?

Aldersterone

Made in the Adrenal Cortex, holds on to sodium and water, gets rid of potassium.

cortisol

stress hormone

epinephrine

adrenaline

parathyroid glands

small pea-like organs that regulate calcium and phosphate balance in blood, bones, and other tissues

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex

prolactin

stimulates milk production

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Hormone produced by the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus that stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood and vasoconstriction of arterioles.

Oxytocin

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

acromegaly

abnormal enlargement of the extremities

Hypothyroidism

A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than normal

Corticosteroids

the steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

diabetes mellitus

insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects

exphthalmos

abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs

goiter

resulting from enlargement of the thyroid gland

myexedema

severe hypothyroidism. Edema of hands face and periorbital tissues

Pheochromocytoma

a benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes the gland to produce excess epinephrine

tetany

condition affecting nerves causing muscle spasms as a result of low amounts of calcium in the blood caused by a deficiency of the parathyroid hormone

thyrotoxicosis

condition caused by the exposure of body tissue to excessive levels of thyroid hormone

opthamology

diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders

conjunctiva

Delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the eyeball

lacrimal glands

The glands that produce fluids to keep the eye moist; also called tear glands.

aque/o

water

belphar/o

eyelid

choroid/o

choroid layer

conjunctiv/o

conjunctiva

core/o, pupill/o

pupil

corne/o, kerat/o

cornea

cycl/o

ciliary body or muscle of the eye

dacry/o, lacrim/o

tear, tearing, crying