exam 4 clcv102

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

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peripheral nervous system

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

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Neurons

Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information.

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Synapse

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

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Synaptic Cleft

The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic cell.

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Myelin

a fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses

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Cerebell/o

cerebellum

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cerebr/o

cerebrum

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encephal/o

brain

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medull/o

medulla oblongata

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mening/o

meninges (membranes covering brain and spinal cord)

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myel/o

spinal cord, bone marrow

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neur/o

nerve

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pont/o

pons

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thalam/o

thalamus

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scler/o

hardening

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tom/o

to cut

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vascul/o

blood vessel

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meningocele

protrusion of the meninges

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-malacia

softening

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Four sections of the brain

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brain stem

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Electroencephalogram (EEG)

record of the electrical activity of the brain

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encephalalgia

brain pain

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-esthesia

sensation

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meninges

three layers of connective tissue in which the brain and spinal cord are wrapped

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pia mater

thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

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arachnoid mater

weblike middle layer of the three meninges

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dura mater

thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

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-plegia

paralysis

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pons

the part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus.

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Alzheimer's disease

a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning

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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

progressive muscle atrophy caused by degeneration and scarring of neurons along the lateral columns of the spinal cord that control muscles

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anticonvulsant

medication to reduce excitability of neurons and to prevent uncontrolled neuron activity associated with seizures

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cerebral palsy

nonprogressive brain damage resulting from defect, trauma, or oxygen deprivation at time of birth

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cerebrospinal fluid

Fluid in the space between the meninges that acts as a shock absorber that protects the central nervous system.

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infarct

Area of dead tissue after a lack of blood supply

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computed tomography (CT)

brain-imaging method using computer-controlled X-rays of the brain

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hydrocephalus

accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain

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multiple sclerosis

myelin sheath destruction. disruptions in nerve impulse conduction

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myasthenia gravis

a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles

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Parkinson's disease

chronic disorder of the nervous system with fine tremors, muscular weakness, rigidity, and shuffling gait

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shingles

viral disease that affects the peripheral nerves and causes blisters on the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves

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spina bifida

congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts

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subdural hematoma

collection of blood under the dura mater

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endocrin

secrete within

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exocrin

secrete out of

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Endocrinologist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the endocrine glands (hormone imbalances)

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hypersecretion

too much hormone

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hyposecretion

too little hormone

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adrenal glands

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

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parathyroid glands

small pea-like organs that regulate calcium and phosphate balance in blood, bones, and other tissues

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pancreas

An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.

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pineal gland

secretes melatonin

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pituitary gland

The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

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thymus gland

lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response

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thyroid gland

produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth

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aden/o

gland

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adren/o, adrenal/o

adrenal glands

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crin/o

to secrete

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oophar/oo ovari/o

ovary

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orchi/o, testicul/o

testes

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pancreat/o

pancreas

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Parathyroid/o

parathyroid glands

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pineal/o

pineal gland

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pituitar/o

pituitary gland; hypophysis

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thym/o

thymus gland

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thyr/o

thyroid gland

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acr/o

extremities

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ophthalm/o

eye

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outer adrenal cortex

manufactures hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and steroid sex hormones

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Inner Adrenal Cortex

marrow?

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Aldersterone

Made in the Adrenal Cortex, holds on to sodium and water, gets rid of potassium.

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cortisol

stress hormone

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epinephrine

adrenaline

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parathyroid glands

small pea-like organs that regulate calcium and phosphate balance in blood, bones, and other tissues

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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex

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prolactin

stimulates milk production

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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Hormone produced by the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus that stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood and vasoconstriction of arterioles.

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Oxytocin

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

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acromegaly

abnormal enlargement of the extremities

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Hypothyroidism

A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than normal

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Corticosteroids

the steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

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diabetes mellitus

insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects

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exphthalmos

abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs

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