the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
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Neurons
Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information.
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Synapse
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
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Synaptic Cleft
The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic cell.
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Myelin
a fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses
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Cerebell/o
cerebellum
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cerebr/o
cerebrum
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encephal/o
brain
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medull/o
medulla oblongata
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mening/o
meninges (membranes covering brain and spinal cord)
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myel/o
spinal cord, bone marrow
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neur/o
nerve
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pont/o
pons
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thalam/o
thalamus
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scler/o
hardening
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tom/o
to cut
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vascul/o
blood vessel
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meningocele
protrusion of the meninges
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-malacia
softening
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Four sections of the brain
cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brain stem
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
record of the electrical activity of the brain
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encephalalgia
brain pain
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-esthesia
sensation
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meninges
three layers of connective tissue in which the brain and spinal cord are wrapped
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pia mater
thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges
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arachnoid mater
weblike middle layer of the three meninges
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dura mater
thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord
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-plegia
paralysis
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pons
the part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus.
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Alzheimer's disease
a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
progressive muscle atrophy caused by degeneration and scarring of neurons along the lateral columns of the spinal cord that control muscles
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anticonvulsant
medication to reduce excitability of neurons and to prevent uncontrolled neuron activity associated with seizures
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cerebral palsy
nonprogressive brain damage resulting from defect, trauma, or oxygen deprivation at time of birth
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cerebrospinal fluid
Fluid in the space between the meninges that acts as a shock absorber that protects the central nervous system.
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infarct
Area of dead tissue after a lack of blood supply
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computed tomography (CT)
brain-imaging method using computer-controlled X-rays of the brain
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hydrocephalus
accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain
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multiple sclerosis
myelin sheath destruction. disruptions in nerve impulse conduction
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myasthenia gravis
a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles
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Parkinson's disease
chronic disorder of the nervous system with fine tremors, muscular weakness, rigidity, and shuffling gait
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shingles
viral disease that affects the peripheral nerves and causes blisters on the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves
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spina bifida
congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts
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subdural hematoma
collection of blood under the dura mater
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endocrin
secrete within
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exocrin
secrete out of
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Endocrinologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the endocrine glands (hormone imbalances)
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hypersecretion
too much hormone
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hyposecretion
too little hormone
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adrenal glands
a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.
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parathyroid glands
small pea-like organs that regulate calcium and phosphate balance in blood, bones, and other tissues
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pancreas
An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.
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pineal gland
secretes melatonin
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pituitary gland
The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
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thymus gland
lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response
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thyroid gland
produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth
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aden/o
gland
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adren/o, adrenal/o
adrenal glands
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crin/o
to secrete
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oophar/oo ovari/o
ovary
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orchi/o, testicul/o
testes
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pancreat/o
pancreas
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Parathyroid/o
parathyroid glands
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pineal/o
pineal gland
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pituitar/o
pituitary gland; hypophysis
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thym/o
thymus gland
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thyr/o
thyroid gland
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acr/o
extremities
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ophthalm/o
eye
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outer adrenal cortex
manufactures hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and steroid sex hormones
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Inner Adrenal Cortex
marrow?
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Aldersterone
Made in the Adrenal Cortex, holds on to sodium and water, gets rid of potassium.
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cortisol
stress hormone
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epinephrine
adrenaline
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parathyroid glands
small pea-like organs that regulate calcium and phosphate balance in blood, bones, and other tissues
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex
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prolactin
stimulates milk production
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Hormone produced by the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus that stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood and vasoconstriction of arterioles.
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Oxytocin
A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.
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acromegaly
abnormal enlargement of the extremities
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Hypothyroidism
A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than normal
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Corticosteroids
the steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
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diabetes mellitus
insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects
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exphthalmos
abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs
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goiter
resulting from enlargement of the thyroid gland
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myexedema
severe hypothyroidism. Edema of hands face and periorbital tissues
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Pheochromocytoma
a benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes the gland to produce excess epinephrine
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tetany
condition affecting nerves causing muscle spasms as a result of low amounts of calcium in the blood caused by a deficiency of the parathyroid hormone
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thyrotoxicosis
condition caused by the exposure of body tissue to excessive levels of thyroid hormone
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opthamology
diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders
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conjunctiva
Delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the eyeball
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lacrimal glands
The glands that produce fluids to keep the eye moist; also called tear glands.