Intro to Sociology Exam 2

The term used to describe modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values most members of a group or society hold is:

deviance

A subculture whose members hold values that differ substantially from those of the majority is called:

a deviant subculture

A mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected forms of behavior is called a:

sanction

A concept Émile Durkheim brought into wide usage in sociology, __________, refers to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior.

anomie

In Robert Merton's typology, drug dealers would be considered:

innovators

Which researcher found that boys in the lower working class who are frustrated with their positions in life often joined in delinquent subcultures that rejected middle-class values and replaced them with norms that celebrate defiance?

Albert Cohen

According to differential association theory, who is more likely to be a delinquent?

a middle-class person whose friends frequently commit crime

Which theory would Karl Marx agree with the most?

conflict theory

Two groups of boys, one working class and the other middle class, engage in equal amounts of delinquent activities. One group is considered "just boys being boys," and the other is considered "troublemakers." Which of the following theories best explains this difference?

labeling theory

At what age is a person most likely to be arrested for a crime?

18 or 19

Which of the following countries has the highest incarceration rate?

United States

An experiment by sociologist Devah Pager showed that __________ is most likely to be hired.

a white man with no criminal record

Sociologists study ________ when they are looking at the structured inequalities in a society.

social stratification

In systems of stratification, people are typically ranked by:

social categories

A stratification system in which certain people are owned as property is known as:

slavery

Which of the following is NOT an example of a caste system?

forcing rural women in Thailand into sex work

The caste system of stratification can be best classified as:

a closed system in which all individuals stay within the social position they are born into

Oprah Winfrey was born into poverty and raised by a single mother, yet today she is one of the richest women in America. According to the textbook, her life story demonstrates that in a class system, the social position we are born into affects our life chances, but our class position is also:

in some part achieved

According to Karl Marx, a class is made up of people who have the same relationship to the:

means of production

Karl Marx called those who own the means of production __________ and those who make their living by selling their own labor power for a wage __________.

capitalists; the working class

Workers picking strawberries can pick 100 baskets an hour, but it costs the employer only a value of 20 baskets to pay them their hourly wages. The income the employer collects from the extra baskets is __________, according to Karl Marx.

surplus value

The social honor or prestige that other members of society accord to individuals is referred to as:

status

__________ argued that social stratification is functional and ensures that the most talented people fill the roles they are best suited for by rewarding them accordingly.

Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore

Wealth refers to:

all the assets an individual owns

Which of the following is a strong predictor of one's occupation, income, and wealth in later life?

one's educational attainment

When people are asked to identify which class they belong to, most respond that they are:

middle class

A farmer with a high school diploma who makes $115,000 a year, lives in a large home, and drives an expensive car is most likely to be in which class category?

middle class

Working-class children are most likely to do which of the following after graduating from high school?

immediately start working

__________ refers to physical differences of the body between males and females.

sex

__________ refers to the psychological, social, and cultural differences between women and men.

Gender

What is an example of "doing gender"?

choosing to wear a dress

In the United States, men generally have more status, power, and prestige than women. This is an example of:

gender inequality

In 1975, only __________ of married women with preschool-age children (under six years old) were in the labor force, yet this figure had increased to __________ by 2011.

39 percent; 62.3 percent

A local college adjusted the pay of its workers so that workers were paid by education and experience to remedy the gender pay gap between female-dominated and male-dominated jobs. This adjustment is an example of:

comparable worth policies

Six of the ten richest self-made women in the world are:

Chinese

The making of unwanted sexual advances by one individual toward another, in which the first person persists even though it is clear that the other party is resistant is called:

sexual harassment

Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of female members in its national legislature?

Sweden

What is the goal of the United Nations Conference on Women?

to ensure women's equal access to economic resources, including vocational training and markets

The attribution of characteristics of superiority or inferiority to a population sharing certain physically inherited characteristics is known as:

racism

Joan believes that most drug dealers are black. She continues to hold this belief even though she read in the newspaper that more whites sell drugs than blacks. Joan's attitude is an example of:

prejudice

The transferring of ideas or emotions from their true source to another object is known as:

displacement

Blaming immigrants for high unemployment rates is an example of:

scapegoating

The systematic, planned destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group is called:

genocide

The term that describes the practices of keeping racial and ethnic groups physically separate, thereby maintaining the superior position of the dominant group, is:

segregation

Assimilation is defined as:

the acceptance of a minority group by a majority population, as the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture

__________ refers to the movement of people into one country from another for settlement, and __________ refers to the movement of people out of one country to settle in another.

Immigration; emigration

In 1954, in __________ the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously decided that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal."

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

What did the 1964 Civil Rights Act do?

banned discrimination in public facilities, education, employment, and any agency receiving government funds

Which is now the largest minority group in the United States?

Hispanic Americans

Which Hispanic group is the largest in the United States?

Mexican Americans