my own essay

Where do light dependent reactions occur

Thylakoid membrane

What is the main goal of light dependent reactions

capture sunlight and convert to ATP and reducing power (nadph) for calvin cycle

What is the sequence high energy electrons excited initially in PS2 go through to reach ps1

Plastoquinone - cytochrome b6f - plastocyanin - ps1

As electrons move through ETC, H ions are pumped from where to where

stroma to thylakoid lumen

What is the result of the pumping of ions

high proton concentration inside the lumen

What does the gradient drive

chemiosmosis

What happens to H Ions from chemiosmosis

h ions flow back intro stroma

what powers atp synthase

gradient

As electrons reach Ps1 they reduce what

nadp to nadph

when is atp produced in light dependent reactions

photophospylation

What is needed from light dependent reactions for light independent reactions

ATP and NADPH

Rubisco does what to co2

fixes co2 to rubp(five carbon sugar)

What is the result of the fixation of co2 to rubisco

3-pga

Why is ATP and NADPH needed in calvin cycle

atp provides energy nadph provides electrons to conver 3pga into g3p

what is photo respiration

when rubisco fixes to o2 instead of co2

why does photorespiration occur

high oxygen low co2 conditions

why does photorespiration occur in regards ofstomata

stomata close on hot dry days to prevent water loss

What are c4 plants

plants that serperate carbon fixation from calvin cycle

in c4 plants carbon is fixed where

mesophyll cells

carbon fixing with mesophyll cells produce what

4 carbon compound

how do cam plants work

at night stomata opens capture co2

What does pep carboxylase do

capture co2 from open stomata at night of cam plants

Where is co2 stored in cam plants

malate in vacuoles

What happens to a stomata during the day of cam plants

closes to conserve water

how does carbon monoxide poisioning kill

carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin stronger than oxygenn cells cant get enough oxy

co poisining overall

starves cells of oxygen, preventing aerobic respiration

What is DNP

chemical that uncouples oxidative phosporylation in mitochondria

DNP makes inner mitochondrial membrane leaky to protons

as a result protons return to mitochondria without producing atp

How does DNP help in weight loss

cells detect low ATP and increase metabolism

because energy from food is released as heat instead of ATP

patients can hyperthermia

how does cyanide fuck u

binds to cytochrome c oxidase (complex 4)

what is complex 4 responsibel for

transferring electrons to oxygen (final electron acceptor)

What happesn when cyanide binds

electron transfer stop completely

Because of the blockage of the electron trasnfer

protons are no longer pumped from mitchondrial matrix into intermembrane space

cyanide effect on acidity

less acidic, increases ph as cyanide stops proton pumping

what is a result of cyanides effect on acidfity in regards to atp sytnthesis

destroys proton gradient

sweetness of corn comes from what

high sugar level in kernels

why is corn not sweet after harvesting

after harvesting sugar in corn is converted into starch

why can we preserve the sweetness of corn after picking

boiling denatures the enzyme that converts sugar to starch

enzymes are highly sensitive to

ph and temp

at low temps enzymes

slow movement, fewer collisions between enzyme and subsrate

at high temp enzyme

can denature enzyme, active site may lose shape causing reaction to stop

too acidic or basic

alters charges on amino acids changing shape of active site resulting in less enzyme activity