Biology: Quiz 7

a system which consists of endocrine glands and tissues which secrete hormones in an organism

endocrine system

a gland which secretes certain substances directly into the blood stream, possesses no duct or tube

endocrine gland

what are two examples of endocrine glands? What do they not contain?

adrenal and pituitary

do not contain ducts

what are two examples of exocrine glands? what does it contain?

oil and digestive glands

contains a duct

What is an example of a gland that contains both endocrine and exocrine glands?

heterocrine gland

chemical substance produced in an endocrine gland or tissue secreted into the blood stream and carried to a target cell upon which it has a physiological effect

classical definition of a hormone

chemical substance produced in specialized cells, travels in body fluids and acts on a target cell, changing it functioning

modified definition of a hormone

chemical composition meaning water-soluble ex. proteins, peptides, amino acid derivatives

hydrophilic

chemical composition meaning lipid-soluble ex. steroids

lipophilic/ hydrophobic

hormones are effective in ____ ____ quantities

extremely small

hormones govern _____ of a reaction and don’t initiate the reaction

the rates

What are the functions of hormones?

1. influence reactions with aid in homeostasis

2. have a morphogenic action

3. regulate autonomic activity, central nervous system, and behavior

What does it mean that hormones have a morphogenic action?

influence an animal’s form or shape of its tissues and organs

signal transduction pathways link ____ to ____

signal transduction pathways link signal reception to response

a process in which a cell converts and amplifies an extra curricular signal into an intracellular signal that affects the same function in the cell (response)

signal transduction

Describe the process: Mechanism of Action

1. hormone or environmental stimulus goes to a receptor

2. Reception → the receptor receives signal and the stimulus goes through a conformational change through the plasma membrane

3. Transduction → signal is turned into relay proteins or transferred to second messengers

4. Response → the relay proteins and second messengers activate a cellular response

What is the response the occurs from Signal Transduction?

Transcriptional Regulation (DNA → RNA) and

Post-translational modification (RNA → Protein)

Describe the process of a hydrophilic hormone

1. secretory cell releases the water soluble hormone into the extracellular fluid

2. the water soluble hormone diffuses into the bloodstream and goes throughout the body

3. the water soluble hormone diffuses back out of the blood and into a receptor protein on the target cell

4. the hormone can then go directly and create a cytoplasmic response OR go into the nucleus for gene regulation, back out of the nucleus, and then create a cytoplasmic response

Describe the process of a lipophilic hormone

1. secretory cell releases the lipid-soluble hormone

2. the lipid soluble hormone diffuses into the bloodstream and is carried by transport proteins throughout

3. eventually, the lipid-soluble hormone diffuses out of the bloodstream and goes directly into the target cell

4. within the target cell, the lipid-soluble hormone connects with a receptor protein in the nucleus OR cytoplasm

5. The hormone then works with the receptor protein and triggers a cytoplasmic response

The brain hormone (PTTH) produces…

ecdysteroid (ecdysone)

ecdysteroid (ecdysone) stimulates …

molting and metamorphosis

The juvenile hormone continues ___, maintains ___, and prevents ___.

continues juvenile molts

maintains larval growth

prevents maturation

Endocrine gland contains

pineal gland, hypothalamus, and posterior pituitary

what is the hormone produced by the pineal gland?

melatonin

participates in regulation of biological rhythms

melatonin (pineal gland)

What hormones does the hypothalamus contain?

releasing and inhibiting hormones

regulate anterior pituitary

releasing and inhibiting hormones (hypothalamus)

What hormones do the posterior pituitary contain?

oxytocin and vasopressin

secretion of milk by mammary glands and uterine muscle contraction

oxytocin (posterior pituitary)

also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH), promotes retention of water by kidneys; influences social behavior and bonding

vasopressin (posterior pituitary)

what is the target of the hormone ADH?

kidney tubules

What is the target of oxytocin?

mammary glands and uterine muscles

The anterior pituitary contains what hormones?

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Prolactin
Growth Hormone (GH)

GH

growth hormone

ACTH

adrenocorticotropic hormone

TSH

Thyroid stimulating hormone

LH

liteinizing hormone

FSH

follicle stimulating hormone

What are the steps of a follicle maturing through the ovary?

1. primary follicle is stimulated by FSH (anterior pituitary)

2. the primary follicle then produces estrogen

3. the primary follicle then matures developing a secondary ovum and mature follicle

4. FSH and LH (anterior pituitary) cause the follicle to rupture and release (ovulation)

5. The follicle then develops into the corpus luteum

6. the corpus luteum is yellow and produces progesterone

7. the progesterone then causes the corpus luteum to turn into the corpus albicans which then disintegrates

what is the regulator of the ovulation system that signals the rest of the process to happen?

estrogen

What stimulates the release of the anterior pituitary hormones?

the hypothalamus

FSH and LH target what?

testes or ovaries

TSH targets what?

thyroid

Prolactin targets what?

mammary glands

MSH targets

melanocytes

GH targets what?

liver, bones, other tissues

Which hormones from the anterior pituitary have tropic effects only?

FSH and LH, TSH, and ACTH

Which hormones from the anterior pituitary have nontropic effects only?

Prolactin, MSH

Which hormone from the anterior pituitary have both tropic and nontropic effects?

GH

The posterior pituitary has?

long hormones

the anterior pituitary has?

short hormones (with capillary bed within the hypothalamus)

the endocrine gland contains?

thyroid glands, parathyroid glands, adrenal (medulla and cortex) glands

What hormone does the thyroid gland contain?

thyroid hormones T1 and T2 and calcitonin

T1 and T2 (thyroid gland)

stimulates and maintains metabolic processes

lowers blood calcium levels

calcitonin (thyroid gland)

what hormone does the Parathyroid gland contain?

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

raises blood calcium levels

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Adrenal gland the adrenal medulla contains?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

raise blood glucose levels, increase metabolic activities, constrict certain blood vessels

epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenal medulla)

Adrenal gland the adrenal cortex contains what hormone?

glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

raise blood glucose levels

glucocorticoids (adrenal cortex)

promotes reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys

mineralocorticoids (adrenal cortex)

Pancreas contains what hormones?

insulin and glucagon

lowers blood gluecose

insulin (pancreas)

raises blood glucose

glucagon (pancreas)

Ovaries contain what hormone?

estrogens and progestins

stimulates uterine lining growth, promotes developments and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics

estrogen (ovaries)

promote uterine lining growth

protestins (ovaries)

Testes contain what hormones?

androgens

support sperm formation; promotes development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics

androgens (testes)

tropic hormones

stimulates other endocrine glands to produce their hormone

pituitary gland is often called the ____ of the endocrine system

master gland

gondotropins

found in both male and females

FSH and LH

Females: stimulates follicle development and produces estrogen

males: aids in production of sperm and produces inhibin

FSH → Follicle stimulating hormone

Females: stimulates ovulation and development of corpus luteum and produces progesterone

males: stimulates secretion of male sex hormones

LH → luteinizing hormone

what increases Ca2+ levels in blood?

parathyroid hormone (parathyroid gland)

Describe the control of calcium homeostasis feedback loop

1. blood Ca2+ levels fall

2. blood going through the parathyproid glands stimulates the gland based on how much Ca2+ is in the blood

3. parathyroid glands release PTH if Ca2+ is too low

4. PTH stimulates Ca2+ uptake and promotes vitamin D in the kidneys (doesn’t allow Ca2+ and vitamin D to leave the body via urination)

5. the active vitamin D then increases Ca2+ uptake in the intestines

6. PTH also stimulates Ca2+ release in the bones by triggering the osteoclast to break it down off the bone

7. because of the bones, kidneys, and intestines increasing Ca2+ and vitamin D in the blood, the Ca2+ levels rise

what lowers the Ca2+ levels in blood by triggering the opposite of PTH?

calcitonin (thyroid gland)

What is the regulator in the control of calcium homeostasis feedback loop?

calcium (Ca2+)

Describe the blood glucose feedback loop

1. blood glucose levels rise because of eating

2. the beta cells of the pancreas secretes insulin which goes to the cells and the liver

3. cells transport glucose into body cells and store it as glycogen in the liver causing blood glucose levels to fall

4. when blood glucose levels fall too much, the alpha cells of the pancreas secretes glucagon

5. glucagon causes the breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose into the blood, causing the blood glucose levels to rise

What is the stimulator in the blood glucose feedback loop?

glucose levels

hyposecretion of growth hormone in a child/ adolecant causes?

(too little GH)

causes dwarfism

hypersecretion of growth hormone child/adolecent causes?

(too much)

giantism

hypersecretion of growth hormone in an adult causes?

acromegaly (bones keep growing and have excess bony material)

hyposecretion and hypersecretion of thyroxine cause?

goiter and other complications

(growth on neck)

hyposecretion of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) causes

(too little) diabetes insipidus

hyposecretion of insulin causes?

diabetes mellitus

What are the two types of diabetes mellitus?

type 1

Type 2

insulin dependant (they don’t make any insulin)

type 1

non-insulin dependant and insulin resistance (their insulin isn’t effective and they have reduced sensitivity of target tissues to actions of insulin

type 2

what are the functions of a transport system?

carry nutrient + O2 to cells

remove CO2 and other wastes

carry regulatory materials (hormones)

transport system functions must be delivered where?

to cells either suspended or dissolved in water

contains interstitial fluid that is squeezed through spaces around cells as the animal moves, usually a muscular pump that facilitates movemens

contains hemolymph in sinuses surrounding organs, tubular heart

open circulatory system

blood circulates through vascular system by a pump, vascular system keeps circulating blood that s seperate from the extracellular fluid, there is an exchange of materials between blood and cells occurring across capillaries

contains dorsal vessels (main heart), auxiliary hearts, and ventral vessels

close circulatory system

what are two examples of open circulatory systems?

arthropods (insect) and molluscs (clams)

What is an example of a close circulatory system?

annelids (earthworms)

carries blood away from the heart

artery

carries blood to the heart

veins

The insect hormone that stimulates molting and metamorphosis of a larva into a butterfly is?

ecdysteriod

In the ovary, FSH stimulates the development of the primary follicle which releases what hormone?

estrogen