histology

blood vessels, alveoli

exchange diffusion

simple squamous

skin, oesophagus

protection

stratified squamous

thyroid gland, stomach

absorptive

simple columnar

respiratory system

movement, trapping & expelling

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

kidneys

secretory, glands

simple cuboidal

sweat glands

protective, secretory

stratified cuboidal

urinary tract

protect from chemicals

transitional

tight junction

limit passage of molecules between cells

occluding junction

stabilise and strengthen cells by forming a continous ribbon around cell

adherens junction

links cell membranes

desmosomes

strong attachment, maintain integrity of epithelium

gap junction

intracellular channels that allow the flow and exchange of nutrients and signalling molecules between cells

exocrine

ducts, into lumen

endocrine

duct-less, into blood stream

merocrine/eccrine

exocytosis, sweat glands

apocrine

pinch off apical membrane, mammary glands

holocrine

entire cell sheds, subaceous glands

fibroblasts

sunthesise the entire ECM, elongated nucleus, eosinophillic cytoplasm, cell tapers

ECM

resists compressive forces and stretching

ground substance

GAGs: molecules linking everything to form proteoglycans

absorbs water

resists compressive forces

multipolar neuron

most abundant, 1 axon, 2+ dendrites

bipolar neuron

1 dendrite, 1 axon

unipolar neuron

single process the bifurcates at cell body

astrocytes

Provide structural and metabolic support for neurons.

oligodendrocytes

Form myelin sheath in CNS

microglia

immune defence in CNS

ependymal cells

line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord, movement of CSF and absorption

schwann cells

produce myelin in PNS

satellite cells

insulate, nourish and regulate

follicular cell (thyroid)

secrete T3&T (stored = colloid)

parafollicular cell (c cells)

secrete calcitonin, increases bone reabsorption and calcium levels

parathyroid gland

secrete parathyroid hormone; increases osteoclast bone reabsorption and calcium uptake

adrenal cortex function

release corticosteroids

adrenal medulla function

chromaffin cells secrete epinephrine

layer of adrenal cortex (out to in)

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

function of zona glomerulosa

synthesise and release aldosterone

function of zona fasciculata

produces cortisol

function of zona reticularis

produces weak adrogens, DHEA, sex hormones

beta cell

insulin, decrease blood glucose levels

alpha cell

glucagon, increases blood glucose levels

delta cell

somatostatin

G cell

gastrin

PP cell

pancreatic polypeptide

layers of skin (in to out)

stratum basale (merkel and melanocyte), stratum spinosum (langerhans), stratum granulosum (keratin granules), stratum lucidum (thick skin only), stratum corneum (keratin)

papillary layer

loose irregular CT, supplies blood to epidermis

reticular layer

dense CT, mechanoreceptors, glands, adds strength and elasticity

pacinian corpuscles

pressure, vibration

meissner's corpuscles

light touch

sebaceous glands

holocrine, coats hair

merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands

regulate body temp, watery fluid

apocrine sweat glands

BO, secretory granules

arteries

carry blood away from the heart

capillaries

gas exchange

veins

carry blood to heart

clara cell

Type of cell that divides to regenerate the respiratory epithelium in bronchioles

type i pneumocyte

gas exchange

type ii pneumocyte

produce surfactant

Meissen's plexus

Autonomic/enteric nervous system - motility and secretion

Auerbach's plexus

Enteric nervous system - Peristaltic contraction

Oesophagus

Transport bolus

Oesophagus mucosa

Stratified squamous, no mucus glands, LP, muscular is mucosae (single layer of longitudinal smooth muscle)

Oesophagus submucosa

Loose CT, meissner plexus, glands

Oesophagus muscularis

Upper 1/3 (outer) skeletal, middle third skeletal/smooth, lower third smooth. Inner circular outer longitudinal

Stomach

Reservoir, digestion

Stomach mucosa

Simple columnar, gastric folds, LP, muscularis mucosae

Stomach Submucosa

Dense irregular CT, meissner's plexus

stomach muscularis externa

inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal. Auerbach plexus between middle and outer layers

Surface Mucus Cells (Stomach)

Secrete alkaline mucus, protect from acidic environment, microvilli

Mucus neck cells

Secrete acidic fluid

Parietal cells

HCI production, activate pepsin, intrinsic factor production - absorb vitamin B12 in small intestine

Chief cell

Pepsin secretion

Enteroendocrine cell

Serotonin and gastric secretion

Small intestine mucosa

Plicae circularis, microvilli

Goblet cells (small intestine)

Secrete mucin - protect and lubricate

Paneth cells

Secrete defensins

Enteroendocrine cells (small intestine)

Chemoreceptors, sample nutrients to regulate hormones

M cells

Immune response

Small intestine submucosa

Duodenum: brunner's glands - secretion of mucus

Small intestine muscularis

Inner circular, outer longitudinal. jejunum: villi are narrower/shorter, ileum: peyer's patches, more goblet cells

Large intestine

Absorb water

Large intestine Mucosa

No villi, no plicae circularis, simple columnad with irregular microvilli and goblet cells

Exocrine acini

Produces bicarbonate-rich fluid with digestive enzymes

Liver

Stores glycogen, secretes glucose, secretes bile - emulsification

Kidney affarent arteriole

Blood Enter

Kidney efferent arteriole

Blood exit, aggregation of glomerular capillaries

Mesangial cells

Structural support to podocytes and vessels

proximal convoluted tubule

Reabsorption of nutrients, proteins, water, electrolytes

distal convoluted tubule

Reabsorption electrolytes

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Maintain BP and BV

Macula densa

Contracts arterioles at vascular pole

juxtaglomerular cells

secrete renin

Lacis cells

Defence

Minor calyx

Accepts urine from renal papilla of renal pyramid, into major calyx

Testes

Produce spermatozoa

Seminiferous tubules

Sperm production

Spermatogenic cells

Produce spermatozoa

Stages of spermatogenesis

1. Spermatocytogenesis: differentiation of spermatogonia

2. Meiosis: diploid to haploid

3. Spermiogenesis: spermatids to spermatozoa

Spermatogonia type A

Dormant before puberty, produce testosterone after puberty

Spermatogonia type B

Mitotic division to produce primary spermatocytes

Primary spermatocytes

1st meiotic division