PSYCH 2 EXAMND

Exhaustion

the body's energy reserves become depleted, leading to illness and possibly death

Health psychology

the branch of psychology that studies how biological, behavioral, and social factors influence health, illness, medical treatment, and health-related behavior.

Psychophysiological illnesses:

"mind-body" illness any stress-related physicial illness. (hypertension, headaches, etc.)

Stress

a negative emotional state occurring in response to events that are perceived as taxing or exceeding a person's resources or ability to cope

Stress Appraisal

how you see or appraise the stress or present situation

Appraisal model

experience of stress is determined in part by our subjective evolution of phenomenon as well as our resources for coping

Stressor

events we see as threatening or challenging

Important thing about stress

Stress is more the result of how we appraise the stressor and less from the event themselves.

Traumatic events

events are events or situations that are negative, severe and far beyond our normal expectations for everyday life or life events

Accourding to the health psychologist Shelly Taylor

the "tend and befriend" response is a phenomenon when those around you quickly come to your aid whether stranger or friend during traumatic events.

Walter Cannon

confirmed that the response to stress is a mind/body experience and results in a chan of internal physical reactions

Cannon observed that....

stressors trigger an outpouring of the stress hormones and is part of the sympathetic nervous system's response

Cannon calls the response to these changes fight or flight where levels of stress involve both the ___________________ and the _____________________

sympathetic nervous system, endocrine system

Catecholamines are...

fight-or-flight stress hormones like adrenaline and noradrenaline, released when the sympathetic nervous system activates the endocrine system.

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS):

the body's' adaptive response to stress

_______________ extended Cannon's research on stress

Hans Selye

3 stages of (GAS)

1. Alarm
2. Resistance
3. Exhaustion

Alarm Reaction

sympathetic nervous system is activated, heart rate zooms, etc. Now ready to fight the challange

Resistance

blood pressure, temp and breathing remain high and hormones flow. If stress continues, it can deplete the body's reserves during phase 3

stress hormones

supress the disease fighting lymphoctyes and impair immune system functioning

Chronic stress

triggers the secretion of corticosteroids, which influence immune system functioning

Psychoneuroimmunology

the interdisciplinary field that studies the interconnections among psychological processes, nervous, and endocrine system functions, and the immune system

_________ is an emotion that is closely linked to stress related illnesses esp. heart attacks.

Anger

_____________ levels are positively correlated to heart disease

Hostility

Studies show that daily ___________ effect people's immune systems

Moods

____________ strongly effect ___________________, particularly those with _________________________(high in urgency, hostility and competitiveness).

stressor, cardiovascular health, type A personalities

problem-focused coping:

attempting to alleviate stress directly, by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

Emotion-focused strategy

managing the emotional impact of the situation

Coping

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive or behavioral methods. The way in which we try to change circumstances or our interpretation to make them less stressful

Personal Control:

whether we learn to see ourselves as controlling or controlled by our environment

External locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces determine their fate.

Optimistic

(external, unstable, specific)

Passimistic

(internal, stable, global)

Internal locus of control

the perception that, to a great extent, one controls their own fate.

Perceived control

perception or belief that control exists
- more likely to use problem-solving coping if perceived control exists

Social support

resources provided by other people in times of need, including emotional, tangible, and informational support

Resilience

the ability to cope with stress and adversity, to adapt to negative or unforeseen circumstances, and to rebound after negative experiences.

Personality

an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behavior

The psychoanalytic theory

Freud, first theory of personality. Includes ideas about an unconscious region of the mind, psychosexual stages of development, and defense mechanisms for holding anxiety at bay

Unconsnscious

according to Freud is a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoguhts, wishes, feelings, and memories.

3 levels of awareness of Freud?

1. Conscious
2. Preconscious
3. Unconscious

Psychoanalysis:

the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Freud's theory of personality and the associated treatment techniques is known as _________________?

Psychoanalysis

Free Association

in psychoanalysis, method of assessing the unconscious by asking patients to spontaneously report mental images, thoughts, and feelings as they come to mind

Dreams

the "royal road to the unconscious"

Freud proposed 3 interacting systems that make up the personality: _________, ___________, _____________

id, ego, and superego

Id:

the unconscious constantly striving to satisfy basic drives and operates on the pleasure principle and demands immediate gratification

*what u are born with, pleasure principle, id doesnt wanna wait, Ex. baby crying for survival, you want what you want when you want it, no impulse control

*immediate gratification, in the moment

Ego

operates on the reality principle, seels to graatify the id's impulse in realistic ways. It's the "executive" part of personality

Superego

The voice of our conscience focuses on how one ought to behave. It strives for perfection and produces feelings of pride and guilt.

- strives for perfection

Psychosexual stages:

the childhood stages of development during which the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus o distinct erogenous zones

oral(#)

0-18m

Anal(#)

18-36m

Phallicv(#)

3-6 yrs

Latency(#)

6-puberty

Genital

puberty on

Stages

1. Oral
2.Anal
3. Phallic
4.Latency
5. Genital

Oral

focus is on oral stimulation (mouth)

Anal

focus is on potty training and control

Phallic

focus is on the genitals

Latency

sexual urges are repressed, and child prefers same sex friends

Genitals

sexual urges that remain for the rest of one's life

Oedipus Complex

During phallic stage, Freud believed boys seek genitals stimulation and develop both unconscious sexual desires for their mother and jealousy and hatred for their father whom they consider a rival

Identification:

the process of incorporating their parent's value into developing superego

Fixiation

lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies
Ex- abrupt early weaning can result in an orally fiixated adult

Ego defense mechanisms

tactics to reduce, avoid, or redirect anxiety by distorting reality

-not healthy

Repression

banish anxiety-arousing thoughts and feelings from consciousness

Regression

when faced with anxiety, to retreat to a more infantile stage of development

Reaction Formation

the ego unconsciously makes unacceptable impulses look like their opposites

Projection

disguise their own threating impulses by attributing them to others

Rationalization

offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions.

-making excuses
-he hit me because he grew up in a rough environment

Displacement

shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

Denial

refusal to acknowledge disturbing aspects of reality

Undoing

trying to take back or make up for a behavior or impulse that was hurtful to someone. Replaying and reimagining them.

Intellectualization

avoidance of feelings by overly focusing on the intellectual aspects of an issue to avoid emotional reactions.

Alfred Aldler and Karen Horney: believed that _______________________?

social, not sexual tensions are crucial for personality formation

Adler

(inferiority complex)

Adler (inferiority complex)

believed that much of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood feelings of inferiority and can be done in a healthy way or an unhealthy way.

The healthy person uses _______________ as a motive for productivity and overcoming obstacles.

inferiority,

The unhealthy way is to strive to overcome inferiorities at other's expense or one's own.

Karen Horney emphasizes the importance of _____________________ in _________________.

human relationships, personality development

__________________ emphasizes the importance of human relationships in personality development.

Karen Horney

Rather than overcoming an inferiority issue, Horney focused on the need to overcome _________________________

feelings of low self-worth

Both Horney and Adler agreed that ____________________ contributed significantly to faulty ________________________.

faculty parenting, personality development

Carl Jung:

less emphasis on scoial factors, agreed with Freud re: the unconscious, but believed it contains more then repressed thoughts and feelings

Collective unconscious

images derived from our species' universal experiences (inheritied experiences). Reflects human evolutionary history and is common to all people.

Ultimately, Jung believed 3 levels of consciousness existL

1. conscious
2. unconscious
3. collective unconscious.

In direct contrast to Freud's pessimistic view of people, the _____________________ saw people saw people as being innately good and naturally strive to fulfill his or her unique potential.

humanistic psychologists,

Two pioneers?

Maslow and Rogers

Maslow's heirchy of needsL

self actualization, the desire to fulfilling our potential.

The humanistic perspective focuses on the way "healthy" people operate and strive for ______________________ and _______________________

self-determination, self-realization.

Malsow's Herichy of Needs

5. Self-actualization
4. Esteem
3. Belongingness and Love
2. Safety
1. Physiological
Later, Self-transcendence was added at the end of Maslow's career

Carl Rogers:

known for the Person-Centered perspective, contended that the most basic human motive is the actualizing tendency: the innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism

According to ______________, all other human motives (biological or social) are ______________.

Rogers, secondary

Genuine

be true to who you are

Acceptance

(unconditional positive regard), total acceptance toward others and ourselves

Empathy:

to understand what someone is feeling without experiencing it first-hand.

Rogers agreed with Maslow regarding the ultimate goal of self-actualization, however, believed one needs 3 conditions to promote it: To be genuine, accepting, and empathetic

1. genuine
2. accepting
3. empathetic

Unconditional Positive regard:

refers to the sense of being unconditionally loved and valued, even if you don't confirm to the standards and expectations of others.

Rogers believed that healthy ____________________ is the result of being unconditionally valued and loved as a person. (discipline without undermining the child's sense of self-worth)

personality development,

Conditional positive regard:

the sens that you will be valued and loved only if you behave in a way that is acceptable to others, conditional love or acceptance