AP Biology Review

Adhesion

Water hydrogen bonded to other molecules

Cohesion

Water hydrogen bonded to water

Dehydration reaction

Reaction for converting carbohydrate monomers to carbohydrate polymers

Hydrolysis

Reaction for converting carbohydrate polymers to carbohydrate monomers

Saturated fat

Fat without a double bond

Unsaturated fat

Fat with a double bond

Carbohydrate molecular formula

C50H100O50

Peptide bonds

Bonds formed between amino acids

DNA Strand

3'TCGACCTTAG'5

Second DNA Strand

5'AGCTGGAATC'3

Macromolecule

Large molecule composed of smaller subunits

Proteins

Elements: C, H, O, S, N; Monomer: Amino acid; Polymer: Polypeptide

Lipids

Elements: C, H, O; Monomer: Glycerol and fatty acids

Carbohydrates

Elements: C, H, O; Monomer: Monosaccharide; Polymer: Polysaccharide

Nucleic acids

Elements: C, H, N, O, P; Monomer: Nucleotide; Polymer: DNA, RNA

Standard Deviation

Measure of variability in a data set

Standard Error

Estimate of the standard deviation of a sampling distribution

Mean

Average value of a set of numbers

Prokaryotic cells

Cells without membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotic cells

Cells with membrane-bound organelles

Compartmentalization

Separation of organelles to increase efficiency and prevent reactions from interacting

Plasma membrane

Fluid mosaic model; constantly moving and contains many macromolecules

Passive transport

Transport of molecules from high to low concentration without energy

Simple diffusion

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration

Facilitated diffusion

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration with the help of transport proteins

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Carrier protein

Protein that transports specific molecules across the membrane

Channel protein

Protein that forms a channel for molecules to pass through the membrane

Aquaporin

Protein that facilitates the transport of water across the membrane

Active transport

Transport of molecules from low to high concentration with the use of energy

Pump

Protein that generates voltage across membranes for cellular processes

Cotransport

Pairing of a favorable movement of one substance with an unfavorable movement of another substance

Endocytosis (Pinocytosis)

Nonspecific uptake of extracellular fluid containing dissolved molecules

Exocytosis

Secretion of molecules via vesicles that fuse to the plasma membrane