BIOPSY Hormones and Sex Quiz

10 items identification

Mamawawa

men-are-men and women-are-women

Hormones influence sex in two fundamentally different ways

• Developmental

• Activational

growth/grow

changes that can be measured by numbers

development

changes qualitatively

same-sex pleasure

psychological

opposite sex pleasure

biological

2 Types of Glands

• Exocrine Glands

• Endocrine Glands

Exocrine Glands

outside release of chemicals

Endocrine Glands

inside release of chemicals

Gonads

• Testes - production of sperm cells

• Ovaries - production of ova

Each cell in the human body contains

23 pairs of chromosome

Female chromosomes

XX

Male chromosomes

XY

Verterbrate hormones have three (3) classes

• Amino acid derivative

• Peptides and Proteins

• Steroids

Amino acid derivative

synthesized from an amino acid molecule

(ex. epinephrine)

Peptides and proteins

• Peptide hormones - short chains of amino acid

• Protein hormones - long chains of amino acid

Steroids

synthesized from cholesterol, a type of fat of molecule

main classes of gonadal hormones

• androgens - testosterone

  • males - day to day

• estrogen - estradiol

  • females - 28 day cycle

• progestins - progesterone

Pituitary Gland

referred to as the master gland

• Posterior pituitary

• Anterior pituitary

Regulation of hormone levels

• Regulation by neural signals

• Regulation by hormonal signals

• Regulation by nonhormonal chemicals

• Pulsatile hormone release

Regulation by neural signals

All endocrine glands, with the exception of anterior pituitary are directly regulated by signals from the nervous system

Regulation by hormonal signals

The hormones themselves also influence hormone release

Regulation by nonhormonal chemicals

glucose, calcium, and sodium levels in the blood all influence the release of particular hormones

Pulsatile Hormonal Release

Hormones tend to be released in pulses

Gonadal Endocrine Regulation

Brain - Hypothalamus - Anterior Pituitary - Gonads - Body Tissues

Primordial Gonads

• 6 weeks - either ovary or testes

• 7th week after conception

  • y chromosome - protein, testes

  • absence of y chromosome - ovaries

Internal reproductive ducts

• Male wolfian system

• Female mullerian system

External reproductive organs

• 6th week - both have the same genital

• 7th week - female or male

• 40 weeks - fully developed external organs

Puberty

• changes in the body

• the transitional period between childhood and adulthood

• secondary sex characteristics develop

• increase in the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary

Sex differences in the brain

• brain of males are 15% larger than females

• differences in the avg volumes of cortical areas, nuclei and fiber tracts, neural and glial cells, plasticity, and synapses

Sexual dimorphism

• masculine or feminine (unambiguously assigned)

  • sometimes it can overlap due to free will, depending on the person

  • men can be feminine and women can be masculine

The case of Anne S., the woman who wasn’t

• externally she had no problem

  • lack of menstruation

  • pain during intercourse

  • underdeveloped uterus, 4cm vagina

• COMPLETE ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME

  • rendered her androgen receptors unresponsive

  • 1 in 100,000 genetic male births

Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

renders the androgen receptors unresponsive

The case of a little girl who grew into a boy

• during puberty, the girl began to develop secondary sex characteristics of a male

• surgical and hormonal treatment

• narrow hips and husky voice remains

• ANDROGENITAL SYNDROME

  • congenital adrenal hyperplasia

  • 1 in 10,000

Androgenital Syndrome

congenital (at birth) adrenal hyperplasia

The case of the twin who lost his penis

• David Reimer, whose penis was destroyed during circumcision at the age of 7 months

• John Money, suggested he should be raised as a girl

• nature vs nurture controversy

• “she” preferred boys activities and felt like a boy

• requested androgen treatment (mastectomy and phalloplasty)

• sex reassignment should be decided when you are a fully grown mature adult, not at birth

The case of the man who lost and regained his manhood

• 38 y/o ww1 veteran was castrated at age 19 by a shell fragment that removed his testes but left his penis undamaged

• testosterone and its masculinizing effects

• sex drive and testosterone levels however are uncorrelated

Anabolic Steroid Abuse

• shown to have cardiovascular effects/premature deaths

• affects the liver (ex. liver tumors)

• males - testicular atrophy/baog, gynecomastia (breast growth)

• females - amenorrhea/baog, hirsutism (excessive growth of body hair), clitoris growth, masculine body shape, baldness, shrinking of breast

Brain Mechanisms on Sexual Behavior

• cortex

• striatum

• hypothalamus

• amygdala

cortex

sexual experiences

striatum

initiates pleasure

hypothalamus

sexual activities

amygdala

identification of mating partners

Sexual Orientations

• heterosexual

• gay

• bisexual

• asexual

heterosexual

attracted to the opposite sex

gay

attracted to the same sex

bisexual

attracted to both sex

asexual

not sexually attracted to others

Fraternal Birth Order Effect

the observed phenomenon where men with a greater number of older brothers are more likely to be homosexual

Gender identity

a gender a person most identifies with