Advanced Strength & Conditioning Chapters 1 & 2 Study Guide
Call Kai
Learn
Practice Test
Spaced Repetition
Match
Flashcards
Knowt Play1/152
There's no tags or description
Looks like no tags are added yet.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced | Call with Kai | Chat |
|---|
No analytics yet
Send a link to your students to track their progress
153 Terms
CHAPTER 1 — What structures make up the musculoskeletal system?
Bones, joints, muscles, and tendons.
CHAPTER 1 — What are the three types of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.
CHAPTER 1 — At what type of joint do most sport and exercise movements occur?
Synovial joints.
CHAPTER 1 — What are important characteristics of synovial joints?
Low friction, large range of motion, hyaline cartilage covering articulating bone ends, synovial fluid, and supporting ligaments/cartilage.
CHAPTER 1 — What is a uniaxial joint?
A joint that moves around one axis; the elbow is an example.
CHAPTER 1 — What is a biaxial joint?
A joint that moves around two axes.
CHAPTER 1 — What is a multiaxial joint?
A joint that moves around multiple axes; a ball-and-socket joint is an example.
CHAPTER 1 — How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7: C1-C7.
CHAPTER 1 — What are C1 and C2 called?
C1 is the atlas and C2 is the axis.
CHAPTER 1 — How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12: T1-T12.
CHAPTER 1 — How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5: L1-L5.
CHAPTER 1 — What does the endomysium surround?
Each individual muscle fiber.
CHAPTER 1 — What does the perimysium surround?
Each fascicle.
CHAPTER 1 — What does the epimysium surround?
The entire muscle.
CHAPTER 1 — What is the order of muscle connective tissue from innermost to outermost?
Endomysium → perimysium → epimysium.
CHAPTER 1 — What is a motor unit?
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates.
CHAPTER 1 — What happens to the muscle fibers in the same motor unit when stimulated?
They contract together.
CHAPTER 1 — What is the neuromuscular junction?
The junction between a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates.
CHAPTER 1 — What is the sarcoplasm?
The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber.
CHAPTER 1 — What are the two main myofilaments?
Actin and myosin.
CHAPTER 1 — What is the smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle?
The sarcomere.
CHAPTER 1 — What structure anchors actin at the ends of the sarcomere?
The Z-line.
CHAPTER 1 — Where are myosin filaments anchored in the center of the sarcomere?
At the M-bridge.
CHAPTER 1 — What does the A-band correspond to?
The region containing/aligned with myosin filaments.
CHAPTER 1 — What does the I-band contain?
Actin filaments without myosin.
CHAPTER 1 — What does the H-zone contain?
Myosin without actin.
CHAPTER 1 — What happens to the H-zone and I-band during muscle contraction?
Both decrease.
CHAPTER 1 — What happens to actin during muscle contraction?
Actin slides over myosin toward the center of the sarcomere.
CHAPTER 1 — What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum store?
Calcium ions.
CHAPTER 1 — What is the role of T-tubules?
They help action potentials rapidly reach deep portions of the muscle fiber to produce coordinated contraction.
CHAPTER 1 — What do myosin crossbridges do?
They interact with and pull actin filaments during contraction.
CHAPTER 1 — What begins excitation-contraction coupling?
The release of calcium.
CHAPTER 1 — What protein does calcium bind to during muscle contraction?
Troponin.
CHAPTER 1 — What happens after calcium binds to troponin?
Tropomyosin shifts, exposing sites that allow myosin to bind to actin.
CHAPTER 1 — What determines how much force a muscle produces at an instant?
The number of myosin crossbridges bound to actin.
CHAPTER 1 — What supplies energy for the power stroke?
ATP.
CHAPTER 1 — What enzyme breaks down ATP during muscle contraction?
Myosin ATPase.
CHAPTER 1 — Why is a new ATP molecule needed during crossbridge cycling?
It allows the myosin head to detach from actin and reset.
CHAPTER 1 — What two substances are essential for crossbridge cycling?
Calcium and ATP.
CHAPTER 1 — What happens to calcium during muscle relaxation?
It is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
CHAPTER 1 — Does a motor-neuron action potential directly excite a muscle fiber?
No. Excitation occurs through chemical transmission at the neuromuscular junction.
CHAPTER 1 — What is a muscle twitch?
A brief muscle contraction caused by a single action potential.
CHAPTER 1 — What is summation?
Increased force when another stimulus occurs before the muscle completely relaxes.
CHAPTER 1 — What is unfused tetanus?
A sustained contraction with some relaxation between successive twitches.
CHAPTER 1 — What is fused tetanus?
A smooth, sustained contraction with no relaxation between successive twitches.
CHAPTER 1 — How are muscle fibers commonly classified as slow or fast twitch?
Using histochemical staining for myosin ATPase.
CHAPTER 1 — What are the two broad muscle fiber classifications?
Type I and Type II, or slow- and fast-twitch fibers.
CHAPTER 1 — What are two major ways muscle force can be increased?
Increasing motor-unit firing frequency and recruiting additional motor units.
CHAPTER 1 — Where are proprioceptors located?
In joints, muscles, and tendons.
CHAPTER 1 — What do proprioceptors provide information about?
Body position, muscle dynamics, pressure, and tension.
CHAPTER 1 — What is kinesthetic sense?
Conscious awareness of the position of body parts with respect to gravity.
CHAPTER 1 — What do muscle spindles detect?
Muscle length and the rate of change in muscle length.
CHAPTER 1 — Do muscle spindles facilitate or inhibit muscle activation?
They facilitate muscle activation.
CHAPTER 1 — What reflex is an example of muscle spindle activity?
The knee-jerk reflex.
CHAPTER 1 — What do Golgi tendon organs detect?
Muscle/tendon tension.
CHAPTER 1 — Do Golgi tendon organs facilitate or inhibit activation of the same muscle?
They inhibit muscle activation.
CHAPTER 1 — What is the key difference between muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs?
Muscle spindles facilitate muscle activation in response to stretch, while GTOs inhibit muscle activation in response to high tension.
CHAPTER 1 — What are the four chambers of the heart?
Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.
CHAPTER 1 — What is the primary function of the atria?
To deliver blood into the ventricles.
CHAPTER 1 — What is the primary function of the ventricles?
To provide the main force for moving blood through the pulmonary and peripheral circulations.
CHAPTER 1 — What are the atrioventricular valves?
The tricuspid and mitral valves.
CHAPTER 1 — What do the atrioventricular valves prevent?
Backflow from the ventricles into the atria during systole.
CHAPTER 1 — What are the semilunar valves?
The aortic and pulmonary valves.
CHAPTER 1 — What do the semilunar valves prevent?
Backflow from the arteries into the ventricles during diastole.
CHAPTER 1 — What is systole?
Ventricular contraction.
CHAPTER 1 — What is diastole?
Ventricular relaxation.
CHAPTER 1 — What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on heart rate?
It increases heart rate by accelerating SA-node depolarization.
CHAPTER 1 — What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on heart rate?
It decreases heart rate by slowing SA-node discharge.
CHAPTER 1 — What resting heart-rate range is listed in the presentation?
60-100 beats per minute.
CHAPTER 1 — What is bradycardia according to the presentation?
A heart rate below 60 beats per minute.
CHAPTER 1 — What is tachycardia according to the presentation?
A heart rate above 100 beats per minute.
CHAPTER 1 — What does an ECG record?
The electrical activity of the heart.
CHAPTER 1 — What does the P wave represent?
Atrial depolarization.
CHAPTER 1 — What does the QRS complex represent?
Ventricular depolarization.
CHAPTER 1 — What does the T wave represent?
Ventricular repolarization.
CHAPTER 1 — What is the primary function of arteries?
To rapidly transport blood pumped from the heart.
CHAPTER 1 — What is the primary function of arterioles?
To regulate blood flow into capillaries.
CHAPTER 1 — What is the primary function of capillaries?
Exchange of oxygen, nutrients, fluids, electrolytes, hormones, and other substances between blood and tissues.
CHAPTER 1 — What is the primary function of veins?
To return blood to the heart.
CHAPTER 1 — Why can veins act as blood reservoirs?
Their walls can constrict and dilate to hold varying amounts of blood.
CHAPTER 1 — What is the purpose of one-way valves in some veins?
To prevent backward blood flow and help maintain venous return.
CHAPTER 1 — What are two major functions of blood emphasized in the presentation?
Transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and transport carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs.
CHAPTER 1 — What molecule transports oxygen in the blood?
Hemoglobin.
CHAPTER 1 — What important enzyme in red blood cells helps with carbon dioxide removal?
Carbonic anhydrase.
CHAPTER 1 — What muscle is primarily responsible for quiet breathing?
The diaphragm.
CHAPTER 1 — What happens during inspiration?
The diaphragm contracts, chest volume increases, pressure becomes more negative, and air enters the lungs.
CHAPTER 1 — What happens during quiet expiration?
The diaphragm relaxes and elastic recoil helps push air out.
CHAPTER 1 — What muscles provide additional force during heavy breathing?
The abdominal muscles.
CHAPTER 1 — What must happen to alveolar pressure for inspiration?
It must fall below atmospheric pressure.
CHAPTER 1 — What must happen to alveolar pressure for expiration?
It must rise above atmospheric pressure.
CHAPTER 1 — In what direction does diffusion occur?
From an area of higher concentration/partial pressure to an area of lower concentration/partial pressure.
CHAPTER 1 — In what direction does oxygen diffuse in the lungs?
From the alveoli into pulmonary capillary blood.
CHAPTER 1 — In what direction does carbon dioxide diffuse in the lungs?
From pulmonary capillary blood toward the alveoli.
CHAPTER 2 — What is a muscle's origin?
Usually its proximal or more stationary attachment.
CHAPTER 2 — What is a muscle's insertion?
Usually its distal or more mobile attachment.
CHAPTER 2 — What are important functions of antagonist muscles?
Joint stabilization and braking the limb near the end of fast movements.
CHAPTER 2 — What is a lever?
A rigid rod, usually a bone, that rotates around a pivot, usually a joint.
CHAPTER 2 — What is torque?
The tendency of a force to cause rotation around a joint or axis.
CHAPTER 2 — What is a moment arm?
The perpendicular distance between an axis of rotation and the line of action of a force.
CHAPTER 2 — What must be true for applied and resistive torques to be in equilibrium?
Muscle force × muscle moment arm = resistive force × resistive moment arm.