HOA M1: PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE

Carnac

________- where around 3, 000 megalithic structures are located, the largest number in the world.

Pits

________ were dug where stones are set upright before capping with lintels similarly like the post- and lintel construction.

Prehistoric architecture

________ predates recorded history.

Monolith

________- isolated single upright stone also known as Menhir.

Cromlech

In Brittany, ___________ refers to a circle of standing stones.

Tumuli

A _________ or "Barrows" is a dominant tomb type in prehistoric times known for its earthen mounds.

Stonehenge

________ at the Salisbury Plains of Southern England is the best and most well- known megalithic structure in the world.

Wigwam

Also known as wickiup or wetu is used by certain Native American and First Nations tribes.

Early humans

________ lived a Nomadic life gathering food as they went and went on hunting.

Innuit

The term "iglu "in ________ refers to houses not just specifically made of snow.

Cairn Carn

________- a landmark or memorial site made of pile of stones in Medieval English.

Neolithic settlement of Skara Brae

The furniture is built in (as at the much later ________ in Scotland) with brick platforms for sitting on, working on and sleeping on.

Stones

________ were transported through the sea or river.

Agriculture and domestication of animals

Food is produced by _____________________________________.

Lascaux

________ is located in the Vézère Valley where many other decorated caves have been found since the beginning of the 20th century.

Africa

Humans are believed to have migrated from ________ and spread all over the globe.

Menhirs

________ can usually be seen in a middle of a field, but there are instances that a group of Menhirs are arranged in rows parallel and would sometimes stretch out for miles.

Megalith

________- Several number of stones forming part of a prehistoric structure.

Palaeolithic or Old Stone Age (c 40000-8000 BC)

mostly nomadic hunter

∙ PALEO

"old"

∙ MESO

"middle / between"

∙ NEO

"new"

∙ LITH

"stone"

∙ MEGA

"large or great"

Materials

Animal skins, wooden frames, animal bones

Construction System

Existing or excavated caves, Megalithic structures

Decoration

Caves paintings in Africa, France and Spain

Religion

No organized religion

The dead are treated with respect

burial rituals and monuments

Lean

To

MONOLITH

isolated single upright stone also known as "Menhir"

MEGALITH

Several number of stones forming part of a prehistoric structure

3500 BCE

Architecture made of huge rocks to make megalithic structure for either religious of burial purposes

Carnac

where around 3,000 megalithic structures are located, the largest number in the world

These  Megalithic structures are believed to date between 5000

1000 BCE

Cairn/Carn

a landmark or memorial site made of pile of stones in Medieval English

Dolmen vs. Cromlech

both mean a megalithic tomb with a massive flat stone laid on upright stones in Wales

The most impressive of the extant prehistoric earthworks in Europe is located just 25 miles north of Stonehenge

the Avebury Henge

And the builders of Jericho have a new technology

bricks, shaped from mud and baked hard in the sun

Most of the round houses in Jericho consist of a single room, but a few have as many as three

suggesting the arrival of the social and economic distinctions which have been a feature of all developed societies

9000 BC

Around __________, the early humans started practicing agriculture as they grow their food in fertile lands making food to be abundant.

Australopithecus afarensis

Human lineage (no. 1)

Homo habilis

Human lineage (no. 2)

Homo erectus

Human lineage (no. 3)

Homo neanderthalensis

Human lineage (no. 4)

Homo sapiens

Human lineage (no. 5)

Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age

Three Prehistoric Periods

Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic

Three Stone Ages

c 40,000-8,000 BC

Timeline of Palaeolithic Age

c 8,000-7,000 BC

Timeline of Mesolithic Age

c 7,000-2,300 BC

Timeline of Neolithic Age

Old

Etymology: Paleo

Middle/Between

Etymology: Meso

New

Etymology: Neo

Stone

Etymology: Lith

Large/Great

Etymology: Mega

Animal skins, wooden frames, animal bones

Materials used in Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Architecture

Existing or excavated caves, Megalithic structures

Construction System in Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Architecture

Caves paintings in Africa, France and Spain

Decoration in Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Architecture

Lean To

Attached to caves with the opening on the longer side

One Room House

A multipurpose room. Usually most houses only consist of one room

Mud Hut

Houses made out of mud

3,500 BCE

When architecture made of huge rocks to make megalithic structure for either religious of burial purposes

Menhirs

Standing in an upright manner. Usually be seen in a middle of a field, but there are instances that a group of ________ are arranged in rows parallel and would sometimes stretch out for miles.

One-fifth/One-fourth

______ of a menhir's rock is buried beneath the earth

9 meters

Average height of a menhir

Dolmen

Megalithic structure which is composed of a horizontal stone slab supported by two upright ones. Leg count sometimes be more than 2 upright stones supporting it.

taol maen

Means "stone table" in Brittanny

Stonehenge

The best and most well-known megalithic structure in the world.

stān

Means stone

hencg

Means hinge

2800 to 1500 BC

Year Stonehenge was built

Solar Observatory

Believed to be the main purpose of Stonehenge

Avebury Henge

The most impressive of the extant prehistoric earthworks in Europe is located just 25 miles north of Stonehenge

Dwellings

There are no partitions and usually is just one room. As civilization developed into complex societies, this had led to the partition of the floor plans of the ancient dwellings such as Dining, Cooking, Sleeping and Socializing.

Lascaux Cave

Famous for its Palaeolithic cave paintings, it is found in a complex of caves in the Dordogne region of southwestern France.

20,000 years old

How old is the Lascaux Cave?

Tents

Made of tree barks, animal skins and plant leaves

Huts

Usually made up of reeds, brushes and wattles (e.g. beehive houses)

Beehive Hut

Also known as Cochlán in Ireland, a traditional dried stone hut shaped like a beehive with corbelled roof

Trullo

Known also as the Trulli in Southern Italy and are traditional Apulian dry stone houses with conical roof.

Lake Dwellings

Widespread in coastal areas around the world where the main livelihood is fishing.

Tepee/Teepee

A cone-shaped tent with a framework made from wooden poles traditionally covered by animal skin or rush mats. Comes from a Lakota word "thipi", meaning "they dwell".

Wigwam

Also known as wickiup or wetu is used by certain Native American and First Nations tribes.

Hogan

Traditional dwelling of Navajo people.

Igloo

Snow house or snow hut that is built up spirally mostly and associated with the Innuit or Eskimo people. Not necessarily made out of snow

Igbo house

Mostly known traditional hut in Nigeria is the _________ which is made of mud for its walls and palm leaves for its roof.

Mammoth Bone Hut

Prehistoric hut made from massive mammoth bones usually found in Ukraine.

Iraqi mudhif

Known as the traditional reed house of the Marsh Arabs known as the Madan. Found in the swamps of southern Iraq and used as a large ceremonial house.

Sumatran house

Vary from various tribes however they are usually built for several families.

Catal Hüyük

Built in c 6,500 BCE, it is one of the best preserved neolithic towns in southern Turkey, Anatolia. Rectangular houses with windows but no doors. They adjoin each other, like cells in a honeycomb, and the entrance to each is through the roof.

Khiriokitia

Built in (6500 BCE). Round tent-like house located in Cyprus

Trulli

Buildings very similar to those in Khirokitia are still lived in today in parts of southern Italy, where they are known as _______.

Jericho

Usually quoted as the earliest known town, a small settlement here evolves in about 8000 BC into a town covering 10 acres.

Bricks

And the builders of Jericho have a new technology - _______, shaped from mud and baked hard in the sun.