Introduction to Anatomy & Body Systems

Not in depth to the systems

What is regional anatomy?

The study of the body by regions, such as:

• Head

• Neck

• Trunk

• Upper limbs

• Lower limbs

What is systemic anatomy?

The study of the body by organ systems that work together to perform complex functions.

Regional anatomy vs systemic anatomy

Regional anatomy

• Studies body by regions

Systemic anatomy

• Studies body by organ systems

What does the integumentary system consist of?

• Skin

• Hair

• Nails

• Associated glands

What is the main function of the integumentary system?

Forms a protective covering for the body.

Which medical specialty studies the integumentary system?

Dermatology

What does the skeletal system consist of?

Bones and cartilage

What are the two main functions of the skeletal system?

• Supports the body

• Protects vital organs

Which medical specialties study the skeletal system?

• Osteology (study of bones)

• Orthopaedics (clinical specialty)

Which body system acts on the skeletal system to produce movement?

The muscular system.

What does the articular system consist of?

Joints and associated ligaments.

What are the functions of the articular system?

• Connects bones

• Provides sites for movement

Which medical specialty studies joints?

Arthrology

What does the muscular system consist of?

Muscles that contract to move or position parts of the body.

Which medical specialty studies muscles?

Myology

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

• Central nervous system (CNS)

• Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

What structures make up the CNS?

• Brain

• Spinal cord

What structures make up the PNS?

• Nerves

• Ganglia

• Motor endings

• Sensory endings

What is the main function of the nervous system?

Controls and coordinates the functions of the body’s organ systems.

Which medical specialty studies the nervous system?

Neurology

What are the two divisions of the circulatory system?

• Cardiovascular system

• Lymphatic (lymphoid) system

What structures make up the cardiovascular system?

The heart and blood vessels.

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

Pumps and transports blood throughout the body.

What is the function of the lymphatic system? (3 of them)

• Drains excess tissue fluid (lymph)

• Filters lymph through lymph nodes

• Returns lymph to the bloodstream

Which medical specialty studies the circulatory system?

Angiology

What is the main function of the digestive system? (6, like the process)

• Ingestion

• Mastication (chewing)

• Swallowing

• Digestion

• Nutrient absorption

• Elimination of faeces

Which medical specialty studies the digestive system?

Gastroenterology

What structures make up the respiratory system?

• Air passages

• Lungs

What are the 3 functions of the respiratory system?

• Supplies oxygen

• Removes carbon dioxide

• Produces airflow for speech

Which medical specialty studies the respiratory system?

Pulmonology

Name the organs of the urinary system.

• Kidneys

• Ureters

• Urinary bladder

• Urethra

What are the 5 functions of the urinary system?

• Filters blood

• Produces urine

• Transports urine

• Stores urine

• Excretes urine

Which medical specialty studies the urinary system?

Urology

What are the primary reproductive organs (gonads)?

• Ovaries

• Testes

What do the gonads produce?

• Ovaries → Oocytes (eggs)

• Testes → Sperm

Which medical specialties study the reproductive system?

• Obstetrics & Gynaecology (female)

• Andrology (male)

What structures make up the endocrine system?

• Endocrine glands (e.g. thyroid)

• Endocrine cells in organs (e.g. intestine)

• Specialised neuroendocrine cells

What is the function of the endocrine system (1 function, 5 sub-points)?

Hormones regulate:

• Metabolism

• Growth

• Development

• Reproduction

• Other body processes

How are hormones transported around the body?

By the cardiovascular system.

Which medical specialty studies the endocrine system?

Endocrinology

What is clinical (applied) anatomy?

The study of anatomy with emphasis on its application in clinical practice.

What does clinical anatomy combine?

Both:

• Regional anatomy

• Systemic anatomy

while emphasizing their relevance in healthcare.

Match each body system to its primary function:

• Integumentary

• Skeletal

• Articular

• Muscular

• Nervous

• Circulatory

• Digestive

• Respiratory

• Urinary

• Reproductive

• Endocrine

System	Primary Function
Integumentary	Protection
Skeletal	Support & protection
Articular	Movement between bones
Muscular	Produces movement
Nervous	Control & coordination
Circulatory	Transport
Digestive	Nutrition
Respiratory	Gas exchange
Urinary	Waste removal
Reproductive	Reproduction
Endocrine	Hormonal regulation