Ap Psch Exam

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492 Terms

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Psychology
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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Behavior
Anything an organism does, and can be observed and recorded
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Mental processes
Internal, subjective experiences, we perceive from behavior
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Socrates and Plato
Mind is separable from the body, and the mind continued after death, which results in knowledge being born with us
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Aristotle
The soul is not separable from the body, and knowledge is not born within us, knowledge comes from experiences
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John Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
The mind at birth is a blank slate, experiences, write on that slate, which is learning
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Wilhelm Wundt
Created the first psychological lab in Germany
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Edward Bradford Titchener
Used introspection, looking inward, to explore the structure of the mind and taught people how to report self reflection
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William James
Introduced functionalism, wrote the first American psychology textbook
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Functionalism
The function of parts of the body related to the brain
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Mary Calkins
Would become the first female president of the American psychological association
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Margaret Floy, Washburn
First woman to get a Psychology PhD
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Charles Darwin
His theories of adaptation and evolution were used for years by psychologists, focused on the traits that allowed an organism to survive
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Sigmund Freud
Develop the perspective of psychoanalysis and believed that all of our psychological issues came from earlier repressed memories
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Biological/neuroscience
The body and brain are the dominant influences of behavior and thinking
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Evolutionary
How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes
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Humanistic
Environmental influences, especially love and acceptance, determine what we become in life
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Psychodynamic
How behavior comes from unconscious drives and conflicts
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Behavioral
How we learn observable responses
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Cognitive
How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
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Sociocultural
How behavior and thinking very across situation and cultures
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Biological psychologist
Explores the links between the brain and the mind
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Developmental psychologist
Study the changes in our abilities along different stages in our life
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Industrial/organizational psychologist
Studies and advise on behavior in the workplace and they use applied research which attempt to solve practical problems
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Psychiatrist
Are medical doctors who are licensed to prescribe drugs, and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders
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Hindsight bias
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it, "i knew it all along"
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Hypothesis
Allows the researcher to give a prediction that they can test
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Replicating an experiment is important to validity
If the experiment can be replicated, buy another researcher in the results of the experiment will have more validity
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Case study
Psychologist studying one individual in great depth
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Laboratory study
Takes place in a laboratory and is an artificial setting, which may not reflect the real world
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Field study
Allows for a more natural setting for experiments and it's tough to control all variables
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Survey method
Asking questions to a selected group of people
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Double blind study
Neither the researcher or subject knows who the control group is, and it keeps experimenter bias out of the experiment
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The placebo effect
Fake treatments
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Independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
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Dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
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Correlation
How well factors predict each other, and is usually shown on scatter plot
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illusory correlation
perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists
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Mode
the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution
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Mean
average
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Median
the middle score in a distribution
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Standard deviation
Scores are packed together, or widely dispersed
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Ethical principles
Subjects in a decline participation at any time in a study, subjects and experimenters, must be honest, obtain information must remain confidential, and the experimenter must make sure that the experiment is safe
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Animal experimentation
Is used with animals that are similar to our behaviors
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Phrenology (Franz Gall)
Claimed bumps on the skull, can reveal our mental abilities and our character traits
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Nervous system
Uses chemicals and electrical process that convey info and consists of neurons
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glial cells
Insulate and perform clean up tasks
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Dendrites
Receive electrical chemical information and transmit it to the cell body
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The cell body
Except the incoming messages and will send it to the axon
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Axon
How long to Blake structure that carries information away from the cell body
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Myelin sheath
Fatty coating around the axons that insulate neural impulses
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Terminal buttons
Located near the end of the axon and release chemicals called Neurotransmitters
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Neuronal communication
includes electrical conduction (action potential) along the axon and chemical transmission via neurotransmitter release at the synapse
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Electro chemical
Production, release, and reuptake of neurotransmitters that increase electrical activity
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All or nothing response
a neuron's reaction of either firing or not firing
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threshold of excitation
level of charge in the membrane that causes the neuron to become active
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Firing of the neuron
The first bit of the axon is depolarized and electrical impulses travel down to the axon
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Nerotransmitters
chemicals that are stored in sacs in the axon terminals
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excitatory message
Causes the next neuron to fire
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Inhibitory message
Prevents the next neuron firing
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Reuptake
process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles
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Agonists
chemical substances that mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell,
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Antagonists
drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter
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Central nervous system
Consists of the spinal cord and the brain
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Spinal cord
A neuron highway that connects the peripheral nervous system to the brain and controls reflexes
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peripheral nervous system
Links the central nervous system, with the body, sense, receptors, muscles, and glands. Consists of the somatic and autonomic nervous system.
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Somatic nervous system
Enables voluntary control of our skeletal muscles
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Autonomic nervous system
the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.
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Sympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations (speed heartbeat, raising blood pressure, etc)
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Parasympathetic system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
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Sensory neurons
Send information from the body tissue and sensory organs inward to the central nervous system
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Motor neurons
Carry information from the central nervous system to the bodies tissue
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Interneurons
neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
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Endocrine system
Consists of glands that control many of the body's activities by producing hormones.
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Adrenal glands
a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. the adrenals secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress.
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Pituitary gland
endocrine gland at the base of the brain, releases, hormones, that influence the growth and influences the release of hormones from other glands
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EEG
electroencephalogram, records, the waves of electrical activity across the brain
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PET scan
Measures the glucose that is used by neurons and shows that consumption
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MRI
Create images of the soft tissues in the brain to see the structures
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Brain plasticity
the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience
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Split brain
The corpus collosum must be severed
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Left hemisphere
Controls our thinking, and decision making
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Right hemisphere
Undertake a simple, request, perceives objects, and make quick decisions
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Brainstem
Responsible for all survival functions
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Medulla
Controls, heartbeat and breathing
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Reticular formation
Plays a role in controlling arousal and relays information to the brain
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Thalamus
the brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
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Cerebellum
Processes sensory input and coordinates movement and balance
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Limbic system
Consists of the hippocampus, amygdala's, and hypothalamus
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Hippocampus
Processing memories
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Amygalda
part of the brain that plays a role in emotional learning and with fear
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Hypothalamus
a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature
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Cerebral cortex
The outer layer of the brain and is the control and information processing center
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Frontal lobe
Involved in speaking and muscle movements, and in making plans and judgments
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parietal lobe
Receives sensory input for touch and body position
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occipital lobe
visual processing
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Temporal lobe
Hearing
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Motor cortex
Voluntary movement
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Brokas area
Controls speech by directing the muscles involved in speech
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Wernicke's area
Controls, language, comprehension, and expression