Metabolism of Carbohydrates
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83 Terms
What is glycolysis?
A linear, anaerobic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate.
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm.
Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?
Anaerobic.
How many reactions are in glycolysis?
10 reactions.
How many phases does glycolysis have?
Two.
What are the two phases of glycolysis?
Energy Investment Phase and Energy Generation Phase.
Which steps belong to the Energy Investment Phase?
Steps 1-5.
Which steps belong to the Energy Generation Phase?
Steps 6-10.
How many ATP are consumed during glycolysis?
2 ATP.
How many ATP are produced during glycolysis?
4 ATP.
What is the net ATP yield of glycolysis?
2 ATP.
How many NADH are produced during glycolysis?
2 NADH.
How many pyruvate molecules are produced from one glucose?
2 pyruvate.
Which molecule begins glycolysis?
Glucose.
What is the product of Step 1 of glycolysis?
Glucose-6-phosphate.
Which enzyme catalyzes Step 1?
Hexokinase.
What is the product of Step 2?
Fructose-6-phosphate.
Which enzyme catalyzes Step 2?
Phosphoglucose isomerase.
What is the product of Step 3?
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
Which enzyme catalyzes Step 3?
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1).
What happens in Step 4 of glycolysis?
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate splits into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).
Which enzyme catalyzes Step 4?
Aldolase.
What happens in Step 5?
DHAP is converted into G3P.
Which enzyme catalyzes Step 5?
Triose phosphate isomerase.
How many G3P molecules continue through glycolysis?
Two.
What happens in Step 6?
G3P is oxidized to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
Which coenzyme is reduced in Step 6?
NAD⁺ to NADH.
Which enzyme catalyzes Step 6?
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
What happens in Step 7?
ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
Which enzyme catalyzes Step 7?
Phosphoglycerate kinase.
What happens in Step 8?
3-phosphoglycerate is converted into 2-phosphoglycerate.
Which enzyme catalyzes Step 8?
Phosphoglycerate mutase.
What happens in Step 9?
Water is removed to form phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).
Which enzyme catalyzes Step 9?
Enolase.
What happens in Step 10?
PEP is converted into pyruvate while ATP is produced.
Which enzyme catalyzes Step 10?
Pyruvate kinase.
What does a kinase do?
Transfers phosphate groups.
What does an isomerase do?
Converts one isomer into another.
What does a dehydrogenase do?
Removes hydrogen/electrons.
What does a carboxylase do?
Adds CO₂.
What does a decarboxylase do?
Removes CO₂.
Fructose is obtained from the hydrolysis of what disaccharide?
Sucrose.
In muscle and kidney, fructose is converted into what?
Fructose-6-phosphate.
At which glycolysis step does fructose
6-phosphate enter? - Step 3.
In the liver, fructose is converted into what glycolytic intermediate?
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
At which glycolysis step does liver
derived fructose enter? - Step 6.
Galactose is obtained from what disaccharide?
Lactose.
Galactose is converted into what before entering glycolysis?
Glucose-6-phosphate.
At which glycolysis step does galactose enter?
Step 2.
What disease results from inability to metabolize galactose?
Galactosemia.
Mannose is converted into what glycolytic intermediate?
Fructose-6-phosphate.
At which glycolysis step does mannose enter?
Step 3.
What are the three possible fates of pyruvate?
Acetyl-CoA, lactate, or ethanol.
Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted into what?
Acetyl-CoA.
Which coenzyme combines with pyruvate to form acetyl
CoA? - Coenzyme A.
Under anaerobic conditions in muscle, pyruvate is converted into what?
Lactate.
Why is lactate produced during anaerobic glycolysis?
To regenerate NAD⁺.
What is oxygen debt?
The increased oxygen needed after strenuous exercise to metabolize accumulated lactate.
What causes muscle soreness after strenuous exercise?
Lactate accumulation.
When oxygen becomes available again, lactate is converted back into what?
Pyruvate.
Which organism commonly carries out alcoholic fermentation?
Yeast.
What are the products of alcoholic fermentation?
Ethanol and carbon dioxide.
How much ATP is produced directly from glycolysis?
2 ATP.
How much ATP is produced from glycolytic NADH?
5 ATP.
How much ATP is produced during pyruvate oxidation?
5 ATP.
How much ATP is produced from two turns of the citric acid cycle?
20 ATP.
What is the total ATP yield from one glucose molecule?
32 ATP.
Which hormone lowers blood glucose?
Insulin.
What does insulin stimulate?
Glucose uptake into cells.
Which hormone raises blood glucose?
Glucagon.
What does glucagon stimulate?
Breakdown of glycogen into glucose.
What disease is caused by pyruvate kinase deficiency?
Hemolytic anemia.
Why are red blood cells affected by pyruvate kinase deficiency?
They rely entirely on glycolysis for ATP production.
Which enzyme is deficient in phosphofructokinase deficiency?
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1).
What are common symptoms of phosphofructokinase deficiency?
Muscle cramps, weakness, fatigue, myoglobinuria, and hemolytic anemia.
Which enzyme is deficient in G6PD deficiency?
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Which food should patients with G6PD deficiency avoid?
Fava beans.
What blood disorder is associated with G6PD deficiency?
Hemolytic anemia.
What is the Warburg effect?
Cancer cells preferentially use glycolysis even when oxygen is available.
What is gluconeogenesis?
Formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.
Is gluconeogenesis anabolic or catabolic?
Anabolic.
Where does gluconeogenesis mainly occur?
Liver.
What are the major substrates for gluconeogenesis?
Lactate, amino acids, and glycerol.