AP Euro People & Terms for Monarchs of Europe (copy)

Ferdinand II

Husband of Isabella I and king of Aragon. He married Isabella I of Castille to unite the Iberian Peninsula. Starts the Reconquista and sponsers Christopher Columbus voyage.

Isabella I

Wife of Ferdinand II and queen of Castille. Married Ferdinand II of Aragon to unite the Iberian Peninsula. Starts the Reconquista and sponsers Christopher Columbus voyage.

Charles I

Spanish king raised in the Netherlands, which meant he did not speak Spanish. Used most of Spain’s wealth to fight religious wars for the HRE, which caused the Price Revolution. Later became the emperor of the HRE.

Philip II

Spanish king that controlled Spain, the Netherlands, Italy, and colonies in the new world. He united the Iberian peninsula under his rule, and started the Spanish Golden Age. He commissioned the El Escorial, the fanciest palace in Europe at that time. He invaded England in 1558 in the Spanish Armada. He also used conspicuous consumption, which further drained Spain’s wealth.

Maximilian I

The first elected HRE emperor, and was later given the job to protect the pope. He also brought the Hapsburg family into power.

Charles V

Also known as Charles I of Spain. He was the one to invite Luther to the Diet of Worms, and put down the German Peasant Revolt. He also burned down Rome to show his power over Clement VII, and fought against Sultan Sulelman the Magnificent. He ends up spilting the land the Hapsburg controlled, and giving Philip II Spain and Ferdinand I the HRE.

Hapsburg

The family that controlled most of Europe, including Spain, the Netherlands, and the HRE. Philip II, Charles V, Maximilian I, and Ferdinand I was apart of this family.

Conspicuous Consumption

The act of spending to show you have a lot of money.

El Escorial

Palace commissioned by Philip II, and was regarded the fanciest palace at its time.

Pacification of Ghent

The alliance made between Catholic and Protestant Dutch to fight against Philip II.

Mercantilism

The exploit of colonies by the motherland to gain wealth.

Amsterdam

Center of banking in the 17th century, and is the capital of the Netherlands today.

Dutch East India Co.

A republic of 7 Dutch states, that dominated the seas in the 17th century.

Vikings

The first people to settle down in Russia.

Prince Vladimir

The first significant leader of Russia. He converted Russia to Russian Orthodox, and setup the Cyrillic Alphabet. He also became close allies with the Byzantine Empire.

Ivan III

Russian king that establishes a autocracy in Muscovite Russia. He is the first use the term Tsar/Czar, and makes Moscow Russia’s capital. He also tried to preserve and adopted Byzantine practices.

Ivan IV

A Russian Czar that was tortured by the Boyar family, and created the Oprichniki for revenge. He weaken the Boyar family and expanded Russian territory tot he Caspian Sea.

Time of Troubles

A period of time in Russia after Ivan IV’s death, which civil wars erupted.

Michael Romanov

Czar that ended the Time of Trouble after being elected, and is the first Czar in the Romanov family.

Peter I

Romanov Czar that went to Europe to help inspire him. After returning from his visit he wanted to make Russia more like the nations of the East. He forced boyars to learn French and wear silk clothing. He also started a navy and the Holy Synod. He won the Great Northern War against Sweden, which gained him a warm water port for Russia. He commissioned the St. Peterburg on the new land, and passed the Treaty of Nystad.

Catherine II

Female Romanov Czar that adopted the Enlightenment teachings. She attack Poland and partitioned it, and expanded land to Crimea after win wars against the Ottomans.

Warm Water Port

A port that doesn’t freeze in the winter.

boyar

The term for nobles in Russia

Romanov

The name of the family that ruled Russia from the 1600’s to 1900’s. Members included Peter I and Catherine II.

Holy Synod

An order than made churches in Russia fall below Czars.

Great Northern War

War against Sweden that lasted 21 years, and led to Russia gaining a warm water port.

St. Peterburg

Russian Versailles commissioned by Peter I

Window to the West

Another name of St. Petersburg, because how it showed Peter I’s desire for Russia to become westernized

City Built on Bones

Another name for St. Petersburg, because how many people died during the contruction.

__**Charles VII**__ __**Valois**__

“Son of a mad man and loose women” and Helped France turn the “Hundred Years War” around from certain defeat

**Joan of Arc**

European Mulan

__**Louis XI, Charles VIII & Louis XII**__

got France involved in Italian wars & __cause rift between__ 

__France & HRE b/c Hapsburgs are increasing in strength & surrounding France__

**Francis I**

Invested in **Leonardo da Vinci &** ***Mona Lisa*** **came to France and** Allies with Suleiman the Magnificent - traitor to HRE & RCC!!!

**Conspicuous consumption**

the purchase of goods or services for the specific purpose of displaying one's wealth

Henry II

Married to Catherine de' Medici and Dies in a jousting accident

Henry IV

Decides to convert to RCC to help heal France religiously says “**Paris is worth a mass” and** Passes “**Edict of Nantes**

**Duke of Sully**

 is top advisor for Henry IV of france and

Establishes policy of “bribes & blows” - bribe traitors out of France, kill spies

__**Louis XIII**__

Wig king son of Marie de Medici was coronated at 9 years old his mother empoyed cardinal **Richelieu** for help

**Cardinal Richelieu**

Protected Louis’ interests & made him an absolute monarch

__**Louis XIV**__

\-sun king

\-Survived a coup d’etat when he was very young - called the “Fronde” and **built Palace of Versailles**

\-Established the “intendant” system to rule over the provincesMiddle class act as governors and tax collectors for Louis

__**Henry VII Tudor**__

established tudor dynasty after war of roses

__**James I**__

created King James Bible - newly translated Bible from Greek says **No Bishop, No King**

__**Charles I**__

signs Petition of Right (1628) - document to exchange $ for Parliament still owed by Elizabeth for basic rights such as

Cavaliers

charles army in english civil war

roundheads

Parliaments army in english civil war

__**Oliver Cromwell**__

* was called the Lord Protector and was very Puritan - outlawed all “fun” and even Christmas - dies from disease & puts inept son, Richard, in charge - he is forced from power by Parliament

__**King Charles II**__

\-Declaration of Breda - Charles pardons everyone who was -against his father in the war-

\-Test Act - forbade RC from having any power in England

\-converts to rcc before he dies

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**Christopher Wren**

Chief architect when rebuilding london after great fire

James II

Parliament goes to war with him and he is quickly defeated in the glorious revolution

William of orange and Queen Mary II

signs English Bill of Rights, Act of Toleration which guarantees religious freedom for Protestants( not rc)