Anatomy, Tissues, Membranes, Bioenergetics, and Neuroglia Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering tissue classification, connective tissue types, epithelial membranes, bioenergetic coenzymes, and neuroglial cells based on lecture notes.

Histology

The study of tissues.

Cytology

The study of cells.

Tissues

Groups of similar cells and extracellular materials.

Epithelium

A primary tissue type composed of one or more layers of closely packed cells with little to no extracellular matrix.

Apical Surface

The free surface of epithelial tissue exposed to the external environment or internal body space, which may contain microvilli or cilia.

Basal Surface

The surface of epithelial tissue attached to underlying connective tissue.

Membranous Epithelium

Epithelial tissue that covers body surfaces and lines body cavities.

Glandular Epithelium

Epithelial tissue that forms the majority of glands.

Mesenchyme

The first type of connective tissue in a developing embryo that serves as the source of all other connective tissue cells and persists as stem cells in adult connective tissue.

Wharton's Jelly

An embryonic connective tissue found exclusively in the umbilical cord.

Loose Areolar Connective Tissue

A highly vascularized connective tissue with a loose organization of collagen and elastic fibers, abundant viscous ground substance, and both fixed and wandering cells.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A poorly vascularized connective tissue containing tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers designed to withstand stress applied in a single direction.

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

An extensively vascularized connective tissue with collagen fibers extending in all directions to support stress in multiple directions.

Adipose Tissue

Connective tissue made of adipocytes (white fat) that functions to store energy, act as an insulator, and cushion organs.

Sebum

Oils that provide anti-microbial non-specific resistance.

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

An epithelium consisting of two or more layers where the superficial cells are cuboidal with a nucleus in the center, functioning in protection and secretion.

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A rare epithelial tissue with two or more layers where cell height is uniformly greater than width and the nucleus is centrally located.

Transitional Epithelium

Epithelial tissue lining the urinary bladder that features apical balloon cells or binucleate cells that change shape during stretching and expanding.

Serous Epithelial Membrane

A membrane made of connective tissue and epithelium lining areas that do not open directly to the outside, which secretes a watery serous fluid.

Parietal Layer

The specific layer of a serous membrane that lines cavity walls.

Visceral Layer

The specific layer of a serous membrane that adheres directly to internal organs (viscera).

Mucous Epithelial Membrane

A membrane lining body areas that open directly to the outside, containing goblet cells that secrete a viscous fluid (mucus) to prevent cavity drying.

Synovial Membrane

A membrane lacking a classic epithelial and connective tissue layer that lines diarthrotic joints and secretes lubricating and nutritional fluid.

Cutaneous Membrane

The skin, consisting of a superficial epidermis and a dermis (true skin).

Oxidizing Agent

A substance that oxidizes another substance by taking electrons from it, thereby gaining electrons itself.

NAD+

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; an electron carrier coenzyme derived from vitamin B3 (niacin) that is reduced to NADH + H+.

FAD

Flavin adenine dinucleotide; an electron carrier coenzyme derived from vitamin B2 (riboflavin) that is reduced to FADH2.

Microglia

Small neuroglial cells in the central nervous system with spine-like projections that function as phagocytes.

Ependymal Cells

A single layer of cuboidal to columnar neuroglial cells with microvilli and cilia that line brain ventricles and assist in producing and circulating CSF.

Satellite Cells

Flat neuroglial cells surrounding the soma of PNS ganglia that regulate exchange of material between cells and interstitial fluid.

Schwann Cells

PNS neuroglial cells that myelinates a single axon, can enclose 20 or more unmyelinated axons, and assist in axon regeneration.