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Vocabulary flashcards covering major theories, factors, and specific abilities related to human intelligence as presented in the lecture notes.
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Intelligence
Application of cognitive skills and knowledge to learn, solve problems, and achieve culturally valued ends.
Multifaceted Intelligence
Idea that intelligence expresses itself across many different cognitive domains.
Functional Intelligence
View that intelligence is directed toward accomplishing tasks or solving problems.
Culturally Defined Intelligence
Recognition that what counts as ‘smart’ varies across societies and historical periods.
Factor Analysis
Statistical method that clusters correlated test scores to uncover underlying mental abilities.
Factor Identification
Process of examining which test items load on a factor to infer the attribute that factor represents.
General Intelligence (g)
A single mental energy that supports performance across all cognitive tasks.
Specific Intelligence (s)
Ability unique to a particular test or narrow skill area.
Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory
Model stating that every cognitive task draws on a general factor (g) plus one or more specific factors (s).
G factor
Speamans two factor theory g factor = general intelligence
An intelligence underlying all mental capacities General
Apprehension of experience (encoding). • Education of relations (seeing how variables relate). • Education of correlates (inferring missing pieces). ●The g factor accounts for moderate correlations between different tests of ability
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Thurstone’s Primary Mental Abilities
Seven relatively independent intellectual strengths identified by Thurstone.
Verbal comprehension
Verbal fluency
Reasoning
Number (arithmetic)
Memory
Spatial visualization
Perceptual speed
Key claim: strengths can be uneven; high spatial ≠ necessarily high verbal.
S factor
Spearman’s two factor theory Specific intelligence
Ability specific to a certain test Task specific abilities that make you good at music, chess, vocabulary, etc.
Good at one thing bad at the other |
Verbal Comprehension
Ability to understand the meaning of words and verbal ideas.
Verbal Fluency
Ease and speed with which one can generate words.
Reasoning (Thurstone)
Capacity for logical thinking and drawing inferences.
Number (Arithmetic) Ability
Skill in performing basic mathematical computations.
Memory (Primary Mental Ability)
Efficiency in recalling verbal or figural information.
Spatial Visualization
Facility for mentally manipulating shapes and spatial relationships.
Perceptual Speed
Quickness in making simple perceptual discriminations.
Fluid Intelligence (Gf)
Capacity to solve novel, culture-free problems through reasoning and pattern detection.
Horn & cartell theory
Crystallized Intelligence (Gc)
Accumulated factual knowledge, vocabulary, and skills acquired from culture and education.
Horn & Cattell’s Gf-Gc Theory
Model that divides g into broad fluid and crystallized components.
Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory
Comprehensive hierarchy of broad and narrow abilities that underlies most modern IQ tests.
Intelligence comprises:
Gf: fluid intelligence
Gc: crystallised intelligence
Gq: quantitative knowledge
Grw: reading & writing ability
Gsm: short-term memory
Glr: long-term storage & retrieval
Gy: general memory & learning
Gv: visual processing
Gu: auditory processing
Gs: processing speed
Analytical Intelligence
Academic problem-solving and logical reasoning skills measured by conventional tests.
Involves computational problem-solving, logical reasoning, and the kinds of skills schools commonly assess.
Sternbergs triarchy theory
Creative Intelligence
Sternbergs theory
Ability to generate novel ideas and adapt to new situations.
imagination, innovation in novel contexts, coming up with ideas Judge what approach is going to be the most effective in different situations?
Capacity to imagine, innovate, and cope with novel situations.
Example: Generating an original solution when facing an unprecedented problem.
Practical Intelligence
Sternbergs theory
“Street smarts”; know-how for everyday tasks and real-world adaptation.
street smarts", adapting to context eg stranded somewhere with no phone, Ability to deal with everyday problems and fun practical common sense solutions, Adapt To new situations and different task and quickly learn automatic responses
contextual know-how.
Ability to adapt to real-world environments and constraints.
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
Framework proposing analytical, creative, and practical intelligences as interrelated yet distinct.
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Theory positing eight (possibly nine) independent forms of intelligence rooted in different brain systems.
Naturalistic Intelligence
Sensitivity to nature, ecosystems, animals, and the physical environment.
Skill: Easily classifying flora/fauna or reading weather patterns.
Interpersonal Intelligence
Facility in communicating, empathizing, and collaborating with others.
Real-world: Effective teachers, therapists, leaders.
Logical–Mathematical Intelligence
Abstract reasoning, deductive thinking, numerical operations.
One of the forms typically assessed by IQ exams.
Visual-Spatial Intelligence
Mental manipulation of objects, spatial judgment.
Traditional tests sometimes sample this via block-design tasks.
Intrapersonal Intelligence
Profound self-awareness; capacity for introspection and self-regulation.
Question posed: “Are you capable of honest introspection?”
Bodily–Kinesthetic Intelligence
Control over body motions and skillful handling of objects.
Example: Athletic prowess on the sports field.
Musical Intelligence
Sensitivity to rhythm, pitch, and timbre.
Example: Hearing a song once and reproducing it perfectly.
Linguistic Intelligence
Mastery of language—reading, writing, storytelling, rhetoric.
Another dimension commonly tested in standardized exams.
Existential Intelligence (proposed)
Ability to ponder deep questions of life, death, and ultimate realities.
Uses collective values and intuition to “see the big picture.”
Linguistic Intelligence
Mastery of spoken and written language for expression and comprehension.
3 criteria for selecting intelligences gardener
Isolated areas in the brain responsible for each type of intelligence
Developmental: some intelligences develop more than others
Savants/Prodigies: lack some intelligence areas but excellent in others
Logical–Mathematical Intelligence
Skill in deductive reasoning, abstraction, and numerical operations.
Visual-Spatial Intelligence
Ability to perceive and manipulate mental images of objects and spaces.
Bodily–Kinesthetic Intelligence
Fine control of body movements and skillful manipulation of objects.
Musical Intelligence
Sensitivity to pitch, rhythm, melody, and timbre.
Interpersonal Intelligence
Capacity to understand, empathize with, and interact effectively with others.
Intrapersonal Intelligence
Deep self-knowledge and ability to regulate one’s own emotions and motives.
Naturalistic Intelligence
Talent for recognizing patterns in nature and classifying living things.
Existential Intelligence
Proposed ability to ponder life’s ultimate questions and big picture meanings.
Emotional Intelligence
Goldman
Skill set for perceiving, using, understanding, and managing emotions in oneself and others.
self-awareness (knowing your emotions)
self-regulation (managing your emotions)
self-motivation (motivating yourself)
empathy (understanding others' emotions)
handling relationships (managing others' emotions)
Goleman’s Five Domains
Self-awareness, self-regulation, self-motivation, empathy, and relationship management.
Self-Awareness
Recognizing one’s own emotions and their effects.
Self-Regulation
Controlling or redirecting disruptive emotions and impulses.
Self-Motivation
Channeling emotions toward goal achievement and persistence.
Empathy
Sensing and understanding the feelings of others.
Handling Relationships
Managing other people’s emotions to foster social bonds and cooperation.
Quantitative Knowledge (Gq)
Breadth and depth of acquired mathematical information.
Reading & Writing Ability (Grw)
Mastery of comprehension and written expression skills.
Short-Term Memory (Gsm)
Capacity to hold and manipulate information over a few seconds.
Long-Term Storage & Retrieval (Glr)
Efficiency in storing information and pulling it back after delays.
Visual Processing (Gv)
Ability to analyze and synthesize visual patterns quickly and accurately.
Auditory Processing (Gu)
Skill in detecting, discriminating, and analyzing auditory stimuli.
Processing Speed (Gs)
Rate at which simple cognitive tasks can be performed accurately.