Alkane, Alkene, and Alkyne Flashcards

Flashcards for Alkane, Alkene, and Alkyne lecture notes

Alkane

Saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2, also known as paraffins.

Decarboxylation of Carboxylic Acid

Heating a sodium salt of carboxylic acid with soda lime (NaOH + CaO) to about 350-360°C to form an alkane with one less carbon atom.

Wurtz Reaction

Heating two molecules of alkyl halide with sodium metal in dry ether to produce an alkane with double the carbon atoms.

Catalytic Hydrogenation

Adding hydrogen to unsaturated compounds (alkenes or alkynes) in the presence of a catalyst (Ni/Pt/Pd) to form an alkane.

Reduction of Haloalkane

Treating a haloalkane with a reducing agent like Zn/HCl or LiAlH to form an alkane.

Halogenation

Replacement of hydrogen of alkane by halogens.

Nitration

Replacement of hydrogen of alkane by nitro group (-NO2).

Sulphonation

Replacement of hydrogen of alkane by Sulphonic acid (-SO3H) group

Combustion

Oxidation of alkane that gives CO2 and water.

Alkene

Unsaturated hydrocarbons having a carbon-carbon double bond with the general formula CnH2n, also known as olefins.

Dehydration of Alcohol

Removing water from an alcohol using concentrated H2SO4 or Al2O3 at high temperatures to form an alkene.

Dehydrohalogenation

Removing HX from a haloalkane using alcoholic KOH or NaOH to form an alkene.

Saytzeff's rule

More substituted alkene is more stable.

Catalytic hydrogenation

Hydrogenation with Lindlar's catalyst.

Markovnikov's Rule

Adding HX across a double bond, with the hydrogen adding to the carbon with more hydrogens already.

Anti-Markovnikov's Rule/Peroxide Effect/Kharasch Effect

Adding HBr across a double bond in the presence of peroxide, with the hydrogen adding to the carbon with fewer hydrogens already.

Addition of Ozone

Ozonolysis of alkene gives aldehyde or/and ketone.

Alkyne

Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon triple bond with the general formula CnH2n-2.

Reaction of Carbon and Hydrogen

Reacting carbon and hydrogen using an electric arc at 3000°C to produce ethyne.

Dehydrohalogenation from Dihaloalkane

Removing two molecules of HX from a dihaloalkane using alcoholic KOH or NaNH2 to form an alkyne.

Reaction of Chloroform with Ag Powder

Reacting chloroform with silver powder to produce ethyne.

Reaction with Sodium Metal

Ethyne, reacts with sodium metal to form sodium acetylide and hydrogen gas.

Tollen's Reagent

Ethyne, reacts with ammoniacal silver nitrate.

Reaction with Ammonical Cuprous Chloride

Ethyne, reacts with ammoniacal cuprous chloride to form a red precipitate of copper acetylide.

Baeyer's Test

Alkaline KMnO4, used to test for unsaturation.

Bromine Water Test

Aqueous solution of bromine. used to test for unsaturation.

Kolbe's Electrolysis

Electrolysis of sodium or potassium salts of carboxylic acids to produce alkanes, alkenes, or alkynes.