Early Modern US History Final Study Guide

Economy of the South

The south's money was mainly dependant on slavery and agriculture.

Economy of the North

The north's was dependant on industrialization and manufacturing.

Sherman's March to the Sea

It slowly took down the confederacy's ability to continue the war.

End of Reconstruction

The compromise of 1877.

Major successes of Reconstruction

Abolishing slavery, giving citizenship to African Americans.

Goals of Reconstruction in the South

Reconstruction aimed to rebuild the South, reunite the nation, and protect freed slaves' rights.

Political party in charge during Reconstruction

The Republican Party led Reconstruction after the Civil War.

Effects of the transcontinental railroad

It boosted trade, linked the country, and sped up westward expansion.

Native Americans' view on land ownership

Native Americans saw land as shared, not owned individually.

Congress' response to industrial pollution

Congress created the National Park Service to protect natural areas.

Progressive reformers' political reforms

They pushed for initiatives, referendums, recalls, and direct primaries.

Business owners' opposition to labor movement

They feared strikes, higher costs, and loss of control over workers.

US assistance in Panama Canal construction

The US supported Panama's independence and signed a canal treaty.

Results of the Treaty of Paris

Spain gave up Cuba, and the US gained Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Annexation of Hawaii

The US overthrew the Hawaiian queen and later made Hawaii a territory.

Reasons for US entry into WWI

Germany's U-boat attacks and the Zimmerman Telegram pushed the US to join.

Impact of U Boats on WWI

German U-boats sank ships, disrupting trade and drawing the US into war.

Emancipation Proclamation

1863 order by Lincoln freeing slaves in Confederate states.

Elizabeth Blackwell

First woman to receive a medical degree in the U.S.

Ulysses S. Grant

Union general and 18th U.S. President.

William T. Sherman

Union general known for his 'March to the Sea.'

W.E.B. Du Bois

Civil rights leader and co-founder of the NAACP.

Reconstruction

Period of rebuilding the South after the Civil War.

Sharecropping

System where farmers worked land for a share of the crop.

Freedmen's Bureau

Helped former slaves with food, jobs, and education.

Black Codes

Southern laws that restricted African American rights.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery in the U.S.

14th Amendment

Gave citizenship and equal protection under the law.

15th Amendment

Gave African American men the right to vote.

17th Amendment

Allowed voters to elect U.S. Senators directly.

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote.

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

White supremacist group using terror to oppose civil rights.

Scalawag

Southern white who supported Reconstruction and Republicans.

Rutherford B. Hayes

President who ended Reconstruction.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction in exchange for Hayes becoming President.

Exoduster

African American who moved West after the Civil War.

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad linking the East and West coasts.

Assimilation

Process of adopting the culture of a dominant group.

Manifest Destiny

Belief that the U.S. was destined to expand west.

Boomtown

Town that quickly grew due to mining or railroads.

Homestead Act

Gave settlers free land if they farmed it for 5 years.

Land Grants

Government gifts of land, often for railroads or colleges.

Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership.

Labor Union

Workers' group fighting for better wages and conditions.

Upton Sinclair

Author of The Jungle, exposing meatpacking abuses.

Collective Bargaining

Negotiation between workers and employers.

Progressivism

Movement to fix problems caused by industrialization.

Company town

Town where one company owns all the businesses and housing.

Social Darwinism

Belief that strong businesses/people succeed naturally.

Free enterprise

Economic system with little government interference.

Corporation

Company owned by shareholders.

Monopoly

When one company controls an entire industry.

Horizontal Integration

Buying out competitors in the same industry.

Vertical Integration

Controlling all steps of production in an industry.

Pullman Strike

1894 railroad strike crushed by federal troops.

Yellow Journalism

Sensational news to attract readers and stir emotions.

Imperialism

Stronger nations controlling weaker ones.

Panama Canal

U.S.-built waterway connecting Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Foraker Act

Set up a government in Puerto Rico under U.S. control.

Sphere of Influence

Area where a country has special trading rights.

Treaty of Paris

Ended the Spanish-American War; U.S. gained territories.

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. policy opposing European interference in the Americas.

Open Door Policy

U.S. policy for equal trade in China.

Roosevelt Corollary

U.S. claimed the right to intervene in Latin America.

M.A.I.N Causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.

WWI Allies

U.S., Britain, France, Russia (later Italy).

U Boats

German submarines that attacked Allied and neutral ships.

Militarism

Belief in building up strong armed forces.

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

U.S. agency that spread war propaganda.

Conscientious Objector

Person who refuses military service for moral reasons.

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from South to North for jobs.