Geography Development Terminology Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards based on the provided development terminology transcript.

Development

The use of resources and technology to bring about change that is positive and generally involves the improvement in people's quality of life and improving the standard of living in a country.

Development Indicators

Measures used to assess the level of development with regard to a country's economic, social, and institutional growth, divided into economic indicators and social indicators.

Brandt Line

The line dividing the world into the developed and developing world.

Industrialised

Describes a country involved in manufacturing and processing of raw materials in factories; the more industrialised a country is, the more developed it will be.

Infant Mortality

The number of children who die because of childhood-related and other diseases.

Life expectancy

The average number of years a person can expect to live.

Primary Activities

The extraction of raw materials from the earth's surface, such as forestry, farming, mining, and fishing.

Secondary Activities

Economic activities involving the manufacturing and processing of goods obtained in primary activities.

Tertiary Activities

Economic activities involving the provision of services.

Quaternary Activities

Economic activities involving research and technology.

Globalisation

A process that leads to an integrated global economy and society.

Factor

An element or cause that contributes to a result.

Model

A representation of an aspect of the real world; a simplified or generalised version of reality.

Economy

The system of production and distribution in a society, made up of four sectors: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

Core

An area which has an economic advantage due to high levels of capital, infrastructure, and employment opportunities; the most developed parts.

Core and Periphery Model

A model that tries to explain where economic development takes place, using the concepts of core and periphery.

Free Market Model

A model that tries to explain development based on the economy.

Periphery

An area which lacks capital, infrastructure, and employment opportunities; a less developed area.

Sustainable Development

Any developments that will in the long term sustain themselves and not deplete the natural resources of the area.

Sustainable Development Model

A model of development that aims to incorporate economic and social development without harming the environment.

Community Based Development Programme

A programme designed to improve the quality of life within a specific community.

Diffusion

Moving from an area of high concentration to areas of lower concentration.

Multiplier effect

An increase in economic activity creating a ripple effect in the economy, resulting in increased consumption and increase in national income.

Trade

The exchange of goods, services, capital, labour, and information between two parties.

Barter

To exchange goods for other goods, rather than selling them for money.

International trade

The exchange of goods, services, capital, labour, and information between countries.

Balance of Trade

The relationship between the value of a country's exports and its imports.

Market

The place where goods and services are bought and sold.

Commodities

The items (goods and services) that countries trade; anything sold in large quantities.

Free Trade

Trade that occurs without any restrictions.

Tariffs

A type of tax placed on imported goods, which makes these goods more expensive than the local product.

Customs

Taxes paid on importing and/or exporting goods.

Quota

A limit to the amount of imported goods that may enter a country during a fixed period of time.

Subsidy

A form of financial assistance paid by government to an industry or economic sector.

Fair trade

Trade that supports farmers in developing countries by paying fair prices and encouraging social and environmental development in their communities.

Multinational Corporation (MNC)

A company that owns or controls production facilities in more than one country.

Outsourcing

Having components made or assembled in a country other than where the headquarters of a company is based.

Sweatshops

Workshop or factory where people work long hours in poor conditions for low pay, often making illegal or counterfeit goods.

Gender

Male or female; way in which a society/culture treats men and women.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

UN index indicating the degree of equality/inequality between men and women in a country.

Informal sector

Self-employed people trading goods on the street or working from home/backyard workshops; not part of the formal economic sector, with workers having no contracts, fixed hours, or benefits and paying no tax.

Permaculture

Type of agriculture that meets people's needs in a sustainable way.

Environmental impact assessment (EIA)

A study undertaken to assess the impact on the environment of a development project.

Carbon emissions

Gases containing carbon dioxide that pollute the atmosphere.

Carbon footprint

The quantity of carbon gases a person contributes to the pollution of the atmosphere through his/her daily lifestyle.

Green economy

An economy that does not damage the environment.

Food security

When all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy active lifestyle.

Agroprocessing

Industries that process agricultural products.

Beneficiation

To treat and use a mineral so that the 'benefits' stay in the home country as opposed to exporting a mineral and then importing (at a greater expense) the manufactured product.

Aid

Help/assistance given by one country or organisation to another country, including examples such as food, medicines, money, and technology.

Development aid

Money, knowledge, or skills that are donated to developing countries in order to assist in their economics, social, political, and environmental development.

Donor

A country or organisation that gives aid.

Recipient

A country that receives aid.

Gross National Income (GNI)

The amount of money the average person in a country can expect to have, where low income and middle income countries are developing while high income countries are developed.

Gross National Product (GNP)

Total value of all goods and services produced by a country in one year including foreign earnings.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Shows the total value of all goods and services produced by a country in one year.

Human Development Index (HDI)

An indicator combining GDP per capita, life expectancy, and literacy rate, where zero ($0$) indicates the worst quality of life, while one ($1$) shows an almost perfect place.

Gini-coefficient

Indicates how wealth is shared in a country, where a score of $0$ indicates complete equality in income and a score of $1$ indicates complete inequality.

Developed country

Countries with an economic base built largely on manufacturing and technology rather than agriculture.

Developing country

A non-industrialized poor country that is seeking to develop its resources by industrialization.

More economically developed countries (MEDCs)

A highly industrialized country characterized by significant technological development, high per capita income, and low population growth rates, such as the United States, Canada, Japan, and many countries in Europe.

Less economically developed countries (LEDCs)

Country characterized by minimal industrialization, low technological development, low per capita income, and high population growth rates, found in Asia, Africa, and Central and South America.

Industrialised countries

Countries whose economy is based on Industry.

Birth Rate

The term used to define the number of babies born every year per $1000$ people in a population.

Death Rate

The term used to define the number of deaths every year per $1000$ people in a population.

Natural increase

Occurs in a population where Birth rate is greater than death rate, meaning that there are more births than deaths in that population in a year.

Natural decrease

Occurs when death rate is greater than birth rate, meaning that more deaths occur in a population than babies are born so population numbers decline.