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Q: What is an example of a negative reinforcement?
A: Removing chores as a reward for getting good grades.
Q: What type of reinforcement is given after varying amounts of time?
A: Variable interval.
Q: In operant conditioning, what does the term 'discriminative stimulus' refer to?
A: A stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement.
Q: What does the term 'fixed ratio' refer to in reinforcement schedules?
A: A schedule that delivers reinforcement after a set number of responses.
Q: How does instant gratification relate to operant conditioning?
A: It can lead to high rates of responding due to immediate reinforcement.
Q: What is an example of operant extinction?
A: A child stops whining after being ignored.
Q: Which type of reinforcement schedule typically leads to choppy or up-and-down response rates?
A: Fixed interval.
Q: What is stimulus generalization in operant conditioning?
A: Responding similarly to similar stimuli.
Q: What is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?
A: Receiving a text message at unpredictable times.
Q: What concept suggests that the more a behavior is reinforced, the more likely it is to occur?
A: The Law of Effect.
Q: What is the primary distinction between operant and classical conditioning?
A: Operant conditioning associates behavior with consequences, while classical conditioning associates stimuli.
Q: According to Thorndike’s Law of Effect, behaviors followed by positive outcomes are:
A: More likely to recur.
Q: Which reinforcement schedule is known for producing a high, steady rate of response?
A: Variable ratio.
Q: In operant conditioning, “shaping” refers to:
A: Reinforcing successive approximations toward the target behavior.
Q: Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
A: Removing restrictions when a teen improves grades.
Q: A rat in an experiment stops pressing a lever after reinforcement is no longer provided. This is an example of:
A: Extinction.
Q: Positive punishment involves:
A: Adding something unpleasant to decrease behavior.
Q: The type of learning in which a response is strengthened or weakened by its consequences is known as:
A: Operant conditioning.
Q: What type of reinforcement schedule produces the highest resistance to extinction?
A: Variable ratio.
Q: Which theory explains that behaviors are reinforced by drive reduction?
A: Drive-reduction theory.
Q: In the context of instrumental conditioning, what does the term “reinforcer” refer to?
A: Any consequence that increases behavior.
Q: The Premack Principle states that:
A: Any behavior can reinforce a less probable behavior.
Q: What is the purpose of “discrimination training” in stimulus control?
A: To help organisms distinguish between different stimuli.
Q: Which is an example of positive punishment?
A: Extra chores for not completing homework.
Q: Herrnstein’s Matching Law predicts that the relative rate of responding will match:
A: The relative frequency of reinforcement.
Q: A reinforcement schedule that provides a reward after a fixed amount of time has passed is called:
A: Fixed interval.
Q: Which of the following is an example of instinctive drift?
A: A raccoon washing food rather than eating it when trained to pick up coins.
Q: According to Amsel’s Frustration Theory, the persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement is due to:
A: The association of frustration with reinforcement.
Q: Which reinforcement schedule would produce 'scalloped' response patterns?
A: Fixed interval.
Q: A pigeon responds similarly to two different tones. This is an example of:
A: Generalization.
Q: What is an example of a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?
A: Giving a reward after every fifth response.
Q: Define extinction in operant conditioning.
A: The reduction of a behavior when reinforcement is no longer provided.
Q: Which type of reinforcement schedule produces the quickest learning?
A: Continuous reinforcement.
Q: What does the Matching Law predict?
A: Relative response rates will match relative reinforcement rates.
Q: In shaping, what is the term for reinforcing steps that are increasingly close to the desired behavior?
A: Successive approximations.
Q: Which reinforcement schedule is often associated with high response rates and resistance to extinction?
A: Variable ratio.
Q: Describe the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE).
A: Persistence of behavior is greater when it has been partially reinforced.
Q: A pigeon trained to peck at a red light also pecks at a similar orange light. This demonstrates:
A: Stimulus generalization.
Q: Which type of reinforcement involves providing a reward after a set period of time, regardless of response rate?
A: Fixed interval.
Q: Which term refers to when a behavior resurfaces after it was thought to be extinct?
A: Spontaneous recovery.
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