AP Midterm Review 2018

Indentured servant

man or woman whose employers paid for passage to the country they wished to emigrate to; in return the indentured servant agreed to work for the employer for a certain number of years, usually four to seven.

Slave trade

referring to the part of the Trans-Atlantic trade system that involved Africans being sold by Africans to European slave traders during the 16th through 19th centuries and forced to work in Europe and the Western Hemisphere as property.

Bacon's Rebellion

A Virginia rebellion in which poor backcountry farmers, indentured servants and slaves teamed up to fight against elite officials in the House of Burgesses. The Elite won but the event is important because it was the beginning of the end of indentured servitude.

Bartolome de Las Casas

Spanish priest who came to the New World and protested the treatment of Indians by conquistadors

Mayflower Compact

a document written by the Pilgrims establishing themselves as a political society and setting guidelines for self-government

Denmark Vesey

African American that led an unsuccessful slave rebellion in South Carolina.

European Models of Colonization

Spanish exterminated many American Indians, married and raped Indian women and enslaved natives in the encomienda system and took their precious metals. French traded fur, intermarried with native women and recognized native customs. British segregated themselves from natives, exploited natural resources and pushed natives west.

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

The war was fought between the British colonies of North America and New France, with both sides supported by soldiers from Great Britain and France, and Native American allies. The British won but the conflict created division between the British crown and their colonial subjects.

Enlightenment

the intellectual movement that began in Europe in the late 1600s as people began examining the natural world, society, and government.

Headright System

originally created in 1618 in Jamestown, Virginia. It was used as a way to attract new settlers to the region and address the labor shortage. With the emergence of tobacco farming, a large supply of workers was needed. In exchange for paying for poor, indentured servants to come to the New World, wealthy folks received 50 acres of land.

House of Burgesses

the first elected legislative assembly in the British colonies. Located in Virginia.

Tobacco

Staple crop in Virginia which made Jamestown a viable and profitable colony.

Jamestown

the first permanent British colony in North America.

John Smith

A British adventurer and a founder of the Jamestown colony. He became famous for Powhatan's near beheading of him. However, Smith was saved from death by Powhatan's daughter Pocahontas.

Mercantilism

economic system of trading nations used from about the 1500s to the 1700s; held that a nation's power was directly related to its wealth.

13th Amendment

amendment to the U.S. Constitution that abolished slavery and involuntary servitude (1865)

14th Amendment

amendment to the U.S. Constitution that makes all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including former slaves, citizens of the country and guarantees equal protection of the laws (1868)

15th Amendment

amendment to the U.S. Constitution that prohibits the denial of voting rights to people because of their race or color or because they have previously been slaves (1870)

Black Codes

laws passed in the South after the Civil War aimed at controlling freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers

Carpetbagger

name given to many Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War and supported the Republicans

Compromise of 1877

compromise struck to resolve the disputed Presidential election of 1876 and ultimately led to the end of Reconstruction

Freedmen Bureau

a federal agency set up to help former slaves and poor whites after the Civil War (1865)

Compromise of 1850

was a package of five separate bills, including the Fugitive Slave Act, which defused a four-year political confrontation between slave and free states regarding the status of territories acquired during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). (1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) slave trade abolished in DC, and (5) new Fugitive Slave Act; advocated by Henry Clay

Debate over Slavery

During the era of the Founding Fathers, southern politicians viewed slavery as a "necessary evil." However, by the time second and third generation Americans reach adulthood, southern politicians (like John C. Calhoun) believe slavery was a positive good.

Free-Soiler

Someone who argued that slavery should be abolished because low-wage jobs should be kept for poor white Americans.

Reconstruction

the period in time when the United States made policies to rebuild the South, during which the Confederate states were readmitted to the Union

Dred Scott v. Sanford

A slave sued for his freedom, claiming that living in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory made free. The Supreme Court decided his enslaved status was determined by his place of purchase, not the state in which he resided. Also, the Supreme Court created a new precedent by saying Scott had no right to sue because he was African American and African Americans are not citizens.

Sharecropping

system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which landowners would give workers land, tools, and seed in return for a part of the crops they raised

Harper's Ferry Raid

John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; attempted to seize the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Land act spawned by the construction of the transcontinental railroad. Indians of the Great Plains land claims were nullified. Their land was, then, turned into Kansas and Nebraska Territory and the slavery question would be determined by popular sovereignty.

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Mexican general during the Mexican American War. Also, served as a Mexican "strong man" politician.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

A novel published by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 which portrayed/exposed slavery as brutal and immoral. An American best-seller.

Homestead Act (1862)

a law passed by Congress to encourage settlement in the West by giving government-owned land to small farmers

Indian Removal Act (1830)

a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

Manifest Destiny

a belief shared by many Americans in the mid-1800s that it was God's will for America to expand across the continent to the Pacific Ocean

Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

War fought between the United States and Mexico in which the United States gained more than 500,000 square miles of land in the United States, including New Mexico and California

Wilmot Proviso

Bill that would ban slavery (and all African Americans) from the territories acquired after the Mexican American War.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

President James Monroe's statement forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility

Popular Sovereignty

The doctrine that stated that the people of a territory had the right to decide their own laws by voting.

Trail of Tears (1838-1839)

an 800-mile forced march made by the Cherokee from their homeland in Georgia to Indian Territory; resulted in the death of almost one fourth of the Cherokee people.

Second Great Awakening

was a wide spread Christian movement to awaken religious sentiments that lasted from 1801 to the 1830's. It spawned many reform movements.

Judicial Review

the ability of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional

Sectionalism

a devotion to the interests of one geographic region over the interests of the country as a whole

Mexican Cession

a historical name in the United States for the region of the modern day southwestern United States that Mexico ceded to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848.

Antebellum

a time period before a war especially the American Civil War

Assimilation

blending in with the established culture

Dawes Act (1887)

legislation passed by Congress that split up Indian reservation lands among individual Indians and promised them citizenship

Ellis Island

an island in New York harbor that was an entry point for 12 million immigrants to the United States between 1892 and 1954

Radical Republicans

a faction of American politicians that pushed for very liberal and sometimes unpopular legislation to bring about equal rights for African Americans.

Laissez-faire

in French, meaning "allow to do;" in business, it refers to a system where companies are allowed to conduct business without interference by the government

Monopoly

total control of a type of industry by one person or one company

Nativism

hostility toward immigrants

Philanthropy

providing money to support humanitarian or social goals

Robber Barons

One of the American industrial or financial tycoons of the late 19th century who became wealthy by unethical means, such as the exploitation of labor

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

a law that made it illegal to create monopolies or trusts that restrained free trade

Social Darwinism

a view of society based on Charles Darwin's scientific theory of natural selection; stronger people, businesses, and nations would prosper and weaker ones would fail

Tenement

poorly built, multi-family housing where many immigrants lived

Trusts

a combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement, especially to reduce competition

Unions

an organization of workers that band together for the purpose of getting better working conditions pay

Urbanization

process in which an increasing amount of the population lives in cities and the suburbs of cities

Roger Williams

Puritan who was exiled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony because he believed in "separation of church and state." He founded the Providence colony which was the beginning of Rhode Island.

Puritans vs. Seperatists

One faction of people desired to "purify" the Church of England and the other faction wanted to completely break-off from the church, ex. the Pilgrims.

Alexander Hamilton

Leader of the Federalists. Architect of America's economic system. Killed in a dual.

Daughters of Liberty

In response to the Townshend Acts, women in the British colonies created a group that advocated for a boycott of British goods.

Federalist Party

Believed in strong federal power, desired power in the hands of the wealthy/educated, and favored manufacturing over farming.

Anti-Federalist Party

Believed in strong state power, desired power in the hands of the common man, favored guaranteed individual rights and favored farming over manufacturing.

John Dickinson

Founding father. Part of the Pennsylvania delegation which met as the First Continental Congress. Favored send King George III the Olive Branch Petition rather than going to war with the king.

John Locke

Enlightenment thinker who believed if a government oppresses its people, then the people have a right to overthrow it.

Join or Die

A Benjamin Franklin political cartoon that was turned into a colonial flag during the American Revolution

Pontiac's Rebellion

Ottawa chief who led attacks on backcountry colonial British settlers, after the French and Indian War.

Sons of Liberty

group who protested, sometimes violently, British rule during the lead up to the American Revolution.

Thomas Jefferson

Leader of the Anti-Federalists. Washington's Secretary of State and later became the third President of the United States.

Quebec Act

Part of the Intolerable Acts which gave Canadians religious freedom and gave them claim to the land beyond the Appalachian Mountains, west of British colonies.

Abolition

movement to end slavery immediately.

Andrew Jackson

Famed general of the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812. Later, became president and was an architect of the Indian Removal Act (1830).

Election of 1800

Adams (Federalist) versus Jefferson (Democratic Republican). Jefferson wins and it became our first peaceful transfer of power between two opposing political factions.

Immigration in the mid-1800s

Irish and Germans were the main ethnicity of immigrate

Immigration in the late 1800s-early 1900s

Southern and Eastern Europeans came to the east coast while Chinese groups came to the west coast.

John Ross

Chief of the Cherokee Indians during the lead up to the Trail of Tears. He advocated for the Cherokee to be permitted to stay on their land.

Nat Turner

Lead an unsuccessful, bloody slave rebellion in Virginia in 1831.

Spoils System

Promotion of people to government jobs based on friendship/relationships rather than competency

Temperance

the movement to stop the sale and consumption of alcohol in the mid-1800s.

Trail of Tears

part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma.

Missouri Compromise

an effort by Congress to defuse the sectional and political rivalries triggered by the request by the territory to enter the Union as a slave state. To keep a slave state/free state balance, Maine entered the Union as a free state. The 36.30 was also established which prohibited slavery north of the line.

Andrew Carnegie

Industrialist who controlled the steel industry through his company U.S. Steel during the Gilded Age.

Battle of Little Bighorn

Lieutenant Colonel Custer and his U.S. Army troops were defeated in battle by Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne in Montana.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Industrialist who controlled much of the railroad industry during the Gilded Age.

Carlisle Indian Industrial School

American Indian children were brought to this institution and were taught how to assimilate to American culture.

J.P. Morgan

Financier to many monopolies during the Gilded Age. Purchased U.S. Steel from Andrew Carnegie when Carnegie retired.

John D. Rockefeller

Industrialist who controlled the oil industry through his company Standard Oil during the Gilded Age.

Labor Unions

an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests (ex. American Federation of Labor, ran by Samuel Gompers).

Oklahoma Indian Territory

set up to be reservations for native pushed our of other regions of the United States.

Consequences of Industrialization

pollution, wide gap between the rich and the poor, child labor, lack of sanitation, etc.

Social Gospel

wealthy people are belled by God and have a responsibility to give back to society.

Thomas Edison

invented the light bulb, phonograph and motion picture camera.

Popular Campaigns

when more Americans began to vote within society, politicians had to change the way they speak to sound more working/middle class, use racial prejudice to appeal to people and provide large rallies with food and drink (like alcohol).

Sioux Indians

Nomadic people who lived in the Great Plains, depended on the buffalo and lived in tee pees. Used the animal for clothing, food, housing and tools.

Powhatan Indians

Lived on the eastern seaboard in Virginia. Fished and hunted for food. Wore feathers and skins for clothing.

Paiute Indians

Lived in the Great Basin. Ate lizards and insects. Used cactus fiber for clothing. Lived in straw housing.

Pueblos Indians

Lived in the American Southwest and used adobe housing. Ate turkeys, rabbits and other small game. Wore cotton kilts for clothing.