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lymphocytes are generally ____ cells (size)
smaller
lymphocytes have a ___ nucleus
large
when quiescent, lymphocytes have ___ cytoplasm
small
as opposed to many innate immune cells, lymphocytes can ____
proliferate
lymphocyte functions (4)
synthesize antibodies
phagocytosis
directly kills target cells
modulates immune response
B-cells relate to ____ immunity
humoral
T-cells relate to ____ immunity
cell-mediatedw
when B-cells are activated, they differentiate into ___
plasma cells
plasma cells secrete ____ into the bloodstream
antibodies
B-cells do this to antigens (3)
ingest, digest, and display parts of
T-cells induce ____ in infected cells, which means…
apoptosis; regulated cell death
T-cells deliver ___ to infected cells
toxins (i.e. proteases)
antigen
could trigger an adaptive immune response
humoral and cell-mediated responses rely on ____
antigen receptors
antibodies are a class of ___
antigen receptors
lymphocytes are activated upon encountering a ____ for its ____
cognate antigen; antigen receptor
activated B cells (plasma cells) have layers of ____ to generate ____
rough ER; antibodies
activated T cells have less electron-dense regions in the _____, indicating _____
nucleus; more active gene expression/translation
antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
cells that phagocytose, digest, and display prospective antigenst
types of APCs
macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells
dendritic cells (DCs)
macrophage-like cells with long protrusions; intersect b/w innate and adaptive immunity
autoimmune disease
the self is recognized as foreign
polyneuropathy
multiple neurological dysfunction
differential diagnosis
symptoms match those of other disease; additional tests are needed to differentiate
the pathogenesis of GBS is…
an autoimmune attach against Schwann cells, impeding motor nerve conduction
auto-antigen
self-protein recognized as an antigen
epitope
discrete part of an antigen that is antigenic
antibbody
protein that binds tightly to specific epitopes for identification and elimination
anaphylaxis
a systemic allergic reaction
proliferate
cells divide and multiply
differentiate
cell becomes specialized in structure and function
an antibody is a ____peptide
tetra
the four peptides on an antibody have
two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains
immune complex
cross-linked antigens
immunoprecipitation
antibodies cross-linked with antigen can form a precipitate
Fc receptors are found mostly on
granulocytes
Ig
immunoglobulint
IgG
bulk of secreted antibody; blood-borne antigens
IgM
first class generated in immune response in B cells
IgA
against mucosal antigens
IgD
early B cell antigen receptor
IgE
binds to mast cells
B cell receptors
immunoglobulins
T cell receptors
bind peptide antigens displayed by other cells
major histocompatibility class (MHC) protein / human leukocyte antigen (HCA)
displays peptide antigens to TCRs
class I MHC
on all nucleated cells
class II MHC
on antigen presenting cells
promiscuous, polygenic, codominant
MHCs are
CD4
stabilizes contacts b/w TCRs and MHC-II
helper T cells
CD4 is found on
CD8
stabilizes contacts b/w TCRs and MHC-I
cytotoxic T cells
CD8 is found on
exogenous pathway
digest phagocytosed antigen using lysosomes and peptide load