Adaptive Immunology Prelecture + Lecture

lymphocytes are generally ____ cells (size)

smaller

lymphocytes have a ___ nucleus

large

when quiescent, lymphocytes have ___ cytoplasm

small

as opposed to many innate immune cells, lymphocytes can ____

proliferate

lymphocyte functions (4)

1. synthesize antibodies

2. phagocytosis

3. directly kills target cells

   1. modulates immune response

B-cells relate to ____ immunity

humoral

T-cells relate to ____ immunity

cell-mediatedw

when B-cells are activated, they differentiate into ___

plasma cells

plasma cells secrete ____ into the bloodstream

antibodies

B-cells do this to antigens (3)

ingest, digest, and display parts of

T-cells induce ____ in infected cells, which means…

apoptosis; regulated cell death

T-cells deliver ___ to infected cells

toxins (i.e. proteases)

antigen

could trigger an adaptive immune response

humoral and cell-mediated responses rely on ____

antigen receptors

antibodies are a class of ___

antigen receptors

lymphocytes are activated upon encountering a ____ for its ____

cognate antigen; antigen receptor

activated B cells (plasma cells) have layers of ____ to generate ____

rough ER; antibodies

activated T cells have less electron-dense regions in the _____, indicating _____

nucleus; more active gene expression/translation

antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

cells that phagocytose, digest, and display prospective antigenst

types of APCs

macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells

dendritic cells (DCs)

macrophage-like cells with long protrusions; intersect b/w innate and adaptive immunity

autoimmune disease

the self is recognized as foreign

polyneuropathy

multiple neurological dysfunction

differential diagnosis

symptoms match those of other disease; additional tests are needed to differentiate

the pathogenesis of GBS is…

an autoimmune attach against Schwann cells, impeding motor nerve conduction

auto-antigen

self-protein recognized as an antigen

epitope

discrete part of an antigen that is antigenic

antibbody

protein that binds tightly to specific epitopes for identification and elimination

anaphylaxis

a systemic allergic reaction

proliferate

cells divide and multiply

differentiate

cell becomes specialized in structure and function

an antibody is a ____peptide

tetra

the four peptides on an antibody have

two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains

immune complex

cross-linked antigens

immunoprecipitation

antibodies cross-linked with antigen can form a precipitate

Fc receptors are found mostly on

granulocytes

Ig

immunoglobulint

IgG

bulk of secreted antibody; blood-borne antigens

IgM

first class generated in immune response in B cells

IgA

against mucosal antigens

IgD

early B cell antigen receptor

IgE

binds to mast cells

B cell receptors

immunoglobulins

T cell receptors

bind peptide antigens displayed by other cells

major histocompatibility class (MHC) protein / human leukocyte antigen (HCA)

displays peptide antigens to TCRs

class I MHC

on all nucleated cells

class II MHC

on antigen presenting cells

promiscuous, polygenic, codominant

MHCs are

CD4

stabilizes contacts b/w TCRs and MHC-II

helper T cells

CD4 is found on

CD8

stabilizes contacts b/w TCRs and MHC-I

cytotoxic T cells

CD8 is found on

exogenous pathway

digest phagocytosed antigen using lysosomes and peptide load