History of Social Science - Theory & Practice

Flashcards covering the emergence of social sciences, key historical theories, the definition and importance of history, and historical research methods.

Before the emergence of Social Science, what four areas was the understanding of society based on?

Traditions, Religion, Myths, and Philosophy

What shift in human thought did the Scientific Revolution initiate regarding society?

It shifted thought toward empiricism and the scientific method, treating society, politics, and economics as systems governed by discoverable laws rather than divine will or tradition.

During which centuries did the Age of Enlightenment fundamentally shift human worldview toward reason and empiricism?

Roughly the $17^{th}$ and $18^{th}$ centuries

Which three thinkers are specifically mentioned as emphasizing logic, rational thinking, and human rights during the Enlightenment?

Rene Descartes, Immanuel Kant, and John Locke

How did the Industrial Revolution contribute to the birth of modern sociology, economics, and anthropology?

Mass urbanization and factory labor created urban poverty and labor exploitation, leading thinkers to move from philosophy to systematic, data-driven research to solve these structural issues.

What did the Political Revolutions of the late $18^{th}$ century prove about social orders?

They proved that social orders are human constructs that can be dismantled and redesigned.

What is the systematic study and interpretation of past human events, decisions, and societies called?

History

Who is known as the "Father of History" and authored the landmark work "The Histories"?

Herodotus

What is the primary driver of historical change according to Karl Marx's theory of Historical Materialism?

Economic conditions and class struggles

What does the "Great Man Theory" by Thomas Carlyle suggest about the course of history?

Exceptional individuals, such as leaders and influential figures, shape history through their decisions and actions.

Which theorists are associated with the Cyclical Theory of History, stating that civilizations rise and fall?

Ibn Khaldun and Arnold Toynbee

What is the core focus of Dr. Zeus Salazar's "Pantayong Pananaw"?

The "We" perspective, which views Filipino history from an internal Filipino perspective (mula sa loob) rather than foreign viewpoints.

Which local theory focuses on the experiences of ordinary people and marginalized groups rather than political elites?

Kasaysayang Bayan (associated with Reynaldo Ileto and Milagros Guerrero)

What does propsero Covar's "Pag-aangkop ng kasaysayan" emphasize?

Rooting historical study in indigenous Filipino values, traditions, and worldviews to challenge Western-centric perspectives.

What is a "Primary Source" in historical research?

A piece of evidence created by someone at the time of the event, such as letters, diaries, original photographs, or artifacts.

What are "Secondary Sources"?

Information created by someone who was not present at an event, after the event happened, such as textbooks, encyclopedias, and biographies.

How is "Historiography" defined?

The study of how history is written and how different historians interpret the past, examining methods, perspectives, and biases.

According to the historical method, what is Step $1$?

Identify a Specific event to question

In historical research, what is the difference between External and Internal Criticism?

External Criticism asks who created the source and if it is authentic, while Internal Criticism examines the author's background, motive, bias, and credibility.

Which scholar defined history as "ANG KASAYSAYAN AY SALAYSAY NA MAY SAYSAY SA SIMASALAYSAYANG SALINGLAHI"?

Zeus Salazar