LECTURE 10

Renal Turnover of Sodium

Refers to the process of sodium movement within the kidney nephron, crucial for electrolyte balance.

Roles of ADH

Describes the functions of Antidiuretic Hormone in regulating water reabsorption in the kidney.

ANP

Stands for Atrial Natriuretic Peptide, a hormone produced in the heart in response to increased blood volume, involved in sodium balance.

Aldosterone

Hormone produced in the adrenal cortex, crucial for sodium reabsorption and water balance in the kidney.

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Refers to the hormonal system regulating blood pressure, fluid, and electrolyte balance in the body.

Sodium Excretion

The process of removing sodium from the body through the kidneys.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Hormone that increases sodium excretion and inhibits water absorption in the kidneys.

Congestive Heart Failure

Condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the body.

B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

Hormone produced in the brain, particularly in the ventricles, used as a diagnostic tool for heart failure.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Hormone secreted by the atria of the heart to regulate sodium balance and water excretion.

Osmolality

Concentration of solutes in a solution, affecting fluid movement in and out of cells.

Thirst Mechanism

Body's response to dehydration, triggering the sensation of thirst to encourage fluid intake.

Diuretics

Medications that increase urine output by promoting water and solute excretion through the kidneys, often used in hypertension treatment.

Diuretics

Medications used to treat conditions like congestive heart failure and pulmonary hypertension by helping the body get rid of excess fluid.

Sodium Alteration

Changing sodium levels to affect water absorption, commonly used in diuretics to stop water reabsorption.

Non-clinical Diuretics

Natural processes like increased blood volume leading to increased blood pressure and urine output.

Mannitol

An osmotic diuretic that works in the proximal convoluted tubule by drawing water into the filtrate to eliminate excess fluid.

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

Diuretics that act in the proximal convoluted tubule by inhibiting the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid.

Loop Diuretics

Powerful diuretics that block the sodium-potassium-chloride transporter in the loop of Henle to eliminate excess fluid.

Thiazide Diuretics

Diuretics like bendroflumethiazide that block sodium chloride reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule to reduce water reabsorption.

Dehydration

A risk of not taking diuretics correctly, leading to electrolyte imbalances and hypokalemia due to excessive fluid loss.

Amiloride

A diuretic that blocks the epithelial sodium channel in the collecting duct to reduce water reabsorption.

Spironolactone

An aldosterone receptor antagonist that reduces sodium reabsorption in the collecting duct to treat hypertension and maintain electrolyte balance.