Anatomy and Physiology

BIO 160

What is Cephalization?

Cephalization is an evolutionary trend whereby nervous tissue, over many generations, becomes concentrated toward one end of an organism. This process eventually produces a head region with sensory organs.

Dysphasia means?

Dysphasia refers to a language disorder characterized by difficulties in speaking, understanding, reading, or writing due to brain damage affecting language centers.

valves are?

Structures in the heart that regulate blood flow and prevent backflow.

Structure-Function Relationship

The concept that the form of a biological structure is closely related to its function, influencing how organisms interact with their environment.

Main goal of recommended daily allowances?

To provide guidelines for daily nutrient intake levels that meet the needs of most healthy individuals.

Father of Medicine

Hippocrates, an ancient Greek physician known for his contributions to medical ethics and practice.

Normal temperature range for the body?

The normal temperature range for the human body is typically between 97°F (36.1°C) and 99°F (37.2°C), which varies slightly among individuals.

Important function of the Skeletal System?

The skeletal system supports, protects organs, enables movement, and produces blood cells.

Primary function of the Respiratory System?

Gas exchange:Oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal between the body and its environment.

Role of Circulatory System?

The circulatory system pumps blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues while removing waste products.

In feedback mechanisms what is the role of the receptor?

The receptor detects changes in the environment or stimuli and sends this information to the control center for processing.

What structures are involved in the process of digestion?

The structures involved in digestion include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder, which work together to break down food and absorb nutrients.

Primary function of DNA in the nucleus of the cell?

The primary function of DNA in the nucleus is to store and transmit genetic information necessary for the synthesis of proteins, thus directing cellular activities and inheritance.

Primary Role of the Nervous System?

The primary role of the nervous system is to coordinate and control the body's responses to internal and external stimuli through the transmission of signals between different body parts.

Primary function of the Endocrine System?

The primary function of the Endocrine System is to produce hormones that regulate various bodily functions, including growth, metabolism, and mood, by sending chemical messages through the bloodstream.

Type of memory refers to the conscious memory of facts and experiences?

Declarative memory, also known as explicit memory, is the type of memory that involves the conscious recall of facts and experiences.

Which of the following is stored in the body, vitamins, minerals, proteins, or fats?

Fats are stored in the body as an energy reserve and play essential roles in various bodily functions.

What is anatomy?

Anatomy is the branch of biology that deals with the structure of organisms and their parts, focusing on the physical organization and arrangement of tissues and organs.

What is not true of point-of -care testing?

Point-of-care testing is not conducted in a centralized laboratory setting and typically provides results at or near the site of patient care.

Unique characteristic of mammals?

Mammals possess mammary glands that produce milk for their young.

To function on their own, what do cells require?

cells require nutrients, oxygen, and ability to remove waste

What is an age structure diagram?

An age structure diagram is a graphical representation that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population, typically used to analyze the demographic profile of a specific region or species.

What is Physiology?

study of the body's function, focusing on how the body parts work and responds to the structure

What are the chambers of the heart?

The chambers of the heart are the four internal cavities consisting of the left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, and right ventricle, which work together to pump blood throughout the body.

What are the tubes that carry blood throughout the body, connecting to the heart?

Blood Vessels

What are the valves?

Structures in the heart that regulate blood flow between the chambers and prevent backflow, ensuring efficient circulation.

Electrocardiogram IS?

A test that records the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time, often used to diagnose heart conditions.

What is an organ?

A group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function in the body, such as the heart or lungs.

Why is the nucleus the command center of the cell?

The nucleus is considered the command center of the cell because it houses the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities by regulating gene expression and cell division.

Definition of Apoptosis?

Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms, allowing for the removal of unnecessary or damaged cells in a controlled manner.

purpose of CLIA?

providing healthcare insurance

Which of the following is the actual appearance of an organism? Genotype, phenotype, Allele, Chromosome

Phenotype

Primary function of the liver?

process nutrients, detoxify substances, and produce bile for digestion

Following a meal, What is the primary function of insulin?

insulin helps lower blood glucose levels by facilitating uptake of glucose into the cells

Needs of assessment?

it identifies the gaps between current and desired conditions

What is classic conditioning?

learning process in which neutral stimulus becomes associated with meaningful stimulus

What is a EMR?

electronic storage of patient information

What is the normal resting heart rate range?

60-100 bpm

Primary function of red blood cells?

to transport oxygen from the lungs to other body tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs

What is physiology?

study of the bodys structures function and work together to sustain life

Based on their location, what is the body's function of lymph nodes?

lymph nodes filter lymph fluid and play a crucial role in the immune response by trapping pathogens and foreign particles

Around how much of the human body is composed of oxygen?

65%

Mission of a community hospital?

provide accessible, high-quality healthcare services to local population

In Morgan’s studies, what was the primary focus?

on genetic inheritance and the role of chromosomes in heredity

What is white matter?

composed of myelinated axons

What is the function of the kidneys?

filters blood to remove waste products and excess substances, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance

What does the epiglottis do?

prevents food and liquid from entering into the trachea during swallowing by covering the larynx

Normal range for adult blood pressure?

120/80 mmHg

Characteristic of the Nucleus?

contains cell genetic material (DNA) and regulates gene expression and cell division

based on the model of an atom, what is the primary function of electrons?

electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom and are involved in chemical bonding and reactions

Primary function of the immune system?

to protect the body from infections and diseases by identifying and destroying pathogens

what does ANS do?

regulates involuntary body functions

primary function of the muscular system?

facilitate movement, maintain posture, and produce heat

Role of the Integumentary System

protects the body from external damage, regulates temp, and provides sensory information

The envelope is the outer layer that some viruses have. What is its function?

helps the virus enter the host calls and can protect the viral genetic material from the host’s immune system

What is the principle of the complimentarity?

structure of the body part ,to which it exists to perform a function (anatomy) is directly related to its function, which is determined by the structure (physiology) highlighting the interdependence of anatomy and physiology

What is true about typical human cells?

they have a nucleus, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane, and they perform specific functions necessary for the body’s survival

Primary Role of the Lymphatic System?

to transport lymph, a fluid that contains infection-fighting white blood cells throughout the body

What is an organ system?

a group of organs that work together to perform complex functions

Why is the circulatory system the most crucial for nutrient transport?

because it distributes nutrients absorbed from the digestive system to all the cells in the body

Cooperative function of the Nervous system and endocrine system

flight or fight response- nervous system triggers adrenal hormone release

Role of the tendons in the interaction between muscular and skeletal systems?

tendons connect muscle to bone allowing force from the muscle contraction to move the bone

Why is the knowledge of anatomy important to the study of physiology?

because of how something functions (physiology) is directly dependent on its structure ( anatomy)

Concept of anatomy?

it provides a detailed examination of specific structures within the body

Structures are designed to?

Perform specific functions

In Which body system are messages are interpreted differently by different cells?

endocrine system

Which two systems are most responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body?

Endocrine and Nervous Systems

What organs are a part of the Nervous system?

brain, spinal cord, and all nerves

Primary functions of the muscular and skeletal systems?

Protection, structure, and movement

Function of the skeletal system?

protect and support internal organs

How does the skeletal and muscular systems facilitate movement?

muscles contract and pull on the bones and creates movement at the joint

What responses compare the Nervous and endocrine systems?

Nervous system uses electrical impulses to signal fast responses and endocrine system uses hormones for slower prolonged responses

Primary Role of the Circulatory System?

transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste throughout the body

How does the lymphathic system support the immune system in fighting infections?

transporting lymph which contains immune cells that detect and respond to pathogens

Role of the urinary system?

removing liquid waste and maintaining electrotye balance

Importance of organ systems in maintaining overall body functions?

essential to ensure the proper functions and survival of the organism by coordinating various physiological functions

What does the integumentary system contain?

Skin, hair, and nails

What role does melanin play in the integumentary system?

melanin provides protection against UV radiation

Anatomy is defined as?

the study of the body’s structure

The smallest level of organization focusing on the chemistry of the body?

Atomic level

Involves the chemistry of the body including the properties of ions?

Molecular Level

The biochemistry of life, includes large biomolecules like proteins, enzymes, lipids,DNA, and RNA is what level?

Macromolecule Level

What is the basic unit of life, including organelles and cell parts?

Cellular Level

Groups of cells performing a common function is what level?

Tissue Level

Groups of tissues working together to perform a common function is what level?

Organ Level

A group of organs working together to perform or common function is what level?

Organ system level

What is the highest level of organization, emcompassing the entire organism is?

Organismal Level

The study of cells and their functions is called?

Ctyology

The study of tissues and their structures is called?

histology

The study of anatomy that does not require a microscope, often involving dissections is what?

Gross Anatomy

The concept that the structure of the biological entity determines its function is called a?

Structure-Function Relationship

Charged particles that are essential for various physiological processes are called?

Ions

Structures that form the basis of cell membranes, crucial for cellular function are called ?

Lipid Bilayers

What are the proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions, essential for metabolism?

Enzymes

Muscle fiber is what level of organization in the body?

cellular level

What is genetic diversity?

it is the variety of genes within a species

What is the relationship between tissues and organs?

Tissues group similar cells to perform a common function and organs are groups of different types of cells working together to perform a specific function

Kohlberg’s conventional reasoning level is characterized by?

interpersonal accord and conformity

What are the levels of organization?

atomic/molecular, macromolecule, cellular tissue, tissue, organ, organ systems, and organismal