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Hijab
________: a term that can refer either to the practice of dressing modestly or to a specific type of covering.
Ibn Khaldun
________ (1332- 1406): well known for historical accounts and is widely acknowledged as a founder of the fields of historiography and sociology.
Neolithic revolution
________- the discovery of planting provided lots more food than hunting and gathering.
Artisans
________: skilled craft workers produced products under the supervision of the imperial government; manufactured porcelain and silk that reached consumers through expanding trade networks, especially by sea.
Song Dynasty
________: replaced Tang in 960 and ruled for three centuries; ruled smaller region than Tang and arts flourished.
Al Andalus
________: Islamic state in Spain that became a center of learning.
Neo Confucianism
________: evolved in China between 770 and 840; combined Daoism and Buddhism; emphasized ethics rather than God or nature.
Merchants
________: did not require physical strength or endurance; simply exchanged goods without growing or making anything new; low status reflected Confucian respect for hard work and creating value.
Samurai
________ were born into their roles as protectors and daimyo were born into lived of privilege.
Hinduism
________- ordered the early Indian society thru the Caste system.
Judaism
Ex: ________ spread through constant persecution, and invasion and resulted in lots of moving for Jews.
Minamoto
________ installed a shogun, or military ruler, to reign in 1192.
Filial Piety
________: the duty of family members to subordinate their desires to those of the male head of the family and to the ruler; emphasis on respect for ones elders helped the Song maintain their rule in China.
Poetry
Reading and ________: development of paper and printing expanded the availability of books; peasants couldnt read but Chinas privileged classes had increased access to literature; Confucian scholars were major producers of literature; emphasis of schooling created generations of well- rounded scholar- bureaucrats.
Discrimination
________: against non- Arabs in the non- Arab areas of Islamic expansion, but rarely open persecution; faded in the 9th century.
Chinese
________ used the compass in maritime navigation, and they redesigned their ships to carry more cargo; ability to print paper navigation charts made seafaring possible in open waters, out of sight of land, and sailors become less reliant on the sky for direction.
Neo Confucian teachings
________ supported the government- shaped social classes and the family system.
Grand Canal
________: an inexpensive and efficient internal waterway transportation system that extended over 30, 000 miles (enabled China during the Song Dynasty to become the most populous trading area in the world)
Sciences and Technolgies
Arts, ________: Learned Muslim officials, helped establish formal educational estitutes to.
China
While ________ was ruled by an emperor who oversaw a large civilian bureaucracy, Japan had a powerful landowning family (Minamoto clan) take charge.
Maya
________: agriculture, writing, astronomical charts, and sacrifice.
Pastoralists
________: People that continued to be nomadic, and eat by hunter- gathering.
Proto Industrialization
________: a set of economic changes in which people in rural areas made more goods than they could sell; relied more on home- based or community- based production using simple equipment.
Ibn Rushd
________: famous scholar that wrote influential works on law, secular philosophy, and the natural sciences.
Quran
The ________ emphasizes that all people are equal before Allah, but some discrimination still existed.
Tang
During the ________ and Song eras, China enjoyed affluence, a well- educated populace, and extensive contact with foreign nations; due to this, intellectual pursuits (technology, literature, and visual arts) thrived.
Heian Period
________: 794- 1185; emulated Chinese traditions in politics, art, and literature.
Prince
________ promoted Buddhism and Confucianism as well as traditional religion.
Nasir al Din al Tusi
________ (1201- 1274): contributed to astronomy, law, logic, ethics, mathematics, philosophy, and medicine; built an advanced observatory which produced accurate astronomical charts; laid groundwork for trigonometry; medical advances and hospital care improved; doctors and pharmacists then had to take examinations for licenses that would allow them to practice.
Abbasid Caliphate
________ was led by Arabs and Persians, and the later Islamic States were shaped by Turkic people who descended from people in Central Asia.
Umayyads
________: ruled only briefly in Middle East, kept power longer in Spain.
Baghdad
________: many trade routes connected there; however, as trade patterns slowly shifted to routes farther north, they lost its traditional place at the center of trade and lost its wealth and population; could not afford to keep its canals repaired, farmers could not provide enough food for the population, and infrastructure fell into decay.
Aishah al Bauniyyah
‘ ________ (1460- 1507): Sufi poet and mystic; most profile female Muslim writer before the 20th century; most works describe her journey toward mystic illumination.
Daoism Taught
________ to look away from people and to nature.Shamanism had spiritual power.
Sufi Missionaries Sufi
________ is a branch of Islam, that put more emotion into the faith of Islam.
Naval technology
________ allowed China to control trade in South China Sea.
Scholar Gentry
________: soon outnumbered the aristocracy, which comprised of landowners who inherited their wealth; were educated in Confucian philosophy and became the most influential social class in China.
Muhammad
________ raised the status of women in several ways (insisted on dowries made to secure brides were to be paid to the future wife, forbade killing newborn girls)
Bushido
________: code that stressed frugality, and loyalty, the martial arts, and honor unto death.
Peasants
________: lower rungs of Chinese society who worked for wealthy landowners, often to pay off debts, and the urban poor; Song government provided aid to the poor and established public hospitals where people could receive free care.
death of Muhammad
After ________ in 632, Islam spread rapidly outward from Arabia- missionary religion.
Gunpowder
________: Made in previous dynasties before; innovators in the Song Dynasty made the first guns; technology of making ________ and guns spread from China to all parts of Eurasia via traders on the Silk Roads.
Confucianism
________ created early society through hierarchical values and the relationships of people.
Korea
The landed aristocracy were more powerful in ________ than in China (________ civil service examination was not open to peasants)
Japans Feudalism
________: had been a feudal society without a centralized government; landowning aristocrats (the daimyo) battled for control of land, while majority of people worked as rice farmers; very little social mobility and heredity hierarchy.
Non Muslims
________ and Muslims influenced each other with philosophers, interpretations, and scientific innovations as well as knowledge transferred from India and China.
Abbasids
________ allowed Christians to travel easily to and from their holy sites in and around Jerusalem, but Seljuk Turks limited the travel; so Christians organized crusaders to reopen access.
Cultural Continuities
________: Islamic scholars learned from many cultures, carried on work of earlier thinkers.
Imperial Bureaucracy
________: a vast organization in which appointed officials carried out the empires policies.
Mansa Musa
________: The ruler of Mali, converted to Islam and went on the Hajj to Mecca the holy city.
Several agricultural societies focused around rivers
Nile river valley, Yellow RV, Indus RV, Mesoamerica, and Andes Mountain Society
Code of Hammurabi
societal code for hierarchy, early law and punishment for breaking laws
Claim of Divinity
Like the divine right of kings, early societal leaders claimed that they were sent from God in order to rule
Pastoralists
People that continued to be nomadic, and eat by hunter-gathering
Led to cultural exchanges from ‘established societies, the origin of trade through nomads
Mongols
Ex
Judaism spread through constant persecution, and invasion and resulted in lots of moving for Jews
Closer empires
went to war, but the division of distance allowed for trade and swapping of new technologies
Maya
agriculture, writing, astronomical charts, and sacrifice
Song Dynasty
replaced Tang in 960 and ruled for three centuries; ruled smaller region than Tang and arts flourished
Imperial Bureaucracy
a vast organization in which appointed officials carried out the empires policies
Civil Service Exam
Emperor Song Taizu expanded educational opportunities to young men of the lower economic classes so they could score well on the civil service exams; score well = let them obtain a highly desired job in the bureaucracy; exams based on knowledge of Confucian texts
Meritocracy
officials obtained their positions by demonstrating their merit on those exams; Chinese system allowed for more upward mobility than any other hiring system of the time
Grand Canal
an inexpensive and efficient internal waterway transportation system that extended over 30,000 miles (enabled China during the Song Dynasty to become the most populous trading area in the world)
Gunpowder
Made in previous dynasties before; innovators in the Song Dynasty made the first guns; technology of making gunpowder and guns spread from China to all parts of Eurasia via traders on the Silk Roads
Champa Rice
a fast-ripening and drought-resistant strain of rice from the Champa Kingdom in present-day Vietnam; greatly expanded agricultural production in China
Innovative methods of production contributed to agricultural success (ex
Chinese farmers put manure on the fields to enrich the soil); built irrigation systems using ditches, water wheels pumps, and terraces to increase productivity
Manufacturing and Trade
industrial production soared and Chinas discovery of black coal enabled it to produce greater amounts of cast iron goods; later learned how to take the carbon out of cast iron and began to manufacture steel to make bridges, gates, and ship anchors as well as religious items (also strengthened food production)
Proto-Industrialization
a set of economic changes in which people in rural areas made more goods than they could sell; relied more on home-based or community-based production using simple equipment
Artisans
skilled craft workers produced products under the supervision of the imperial government;manufactured porcelain and silk that reached consumers through expanding trade networks, especially by sea
Taxes
Song promoted growth of commercial economy by changing how they built public projects (started paying people to work on them increasing the amount of money in circulations, aka economic growth)
Tributes
another source of income for the government; an arrangement in which other states had to pay money or provide goods to honor the Chinese emperor; cemented its economic and political power over several foreign countries and also created stability and stimulated trade for all parties involved
Chinas Class Structure
urbanization represented a significant development in China, but life in rural areas grew more complex as well; bureaucratic expansion created an entirely new social class, the scholar gentry
Scholar Gentry
soon outnumbered the aristocracy, which comprised of landowners who inherited their wealth; were educated in Confucian philosophy and became the most influential social class in China
Three other classes ranked below the scholar gentry
farmers, artisans, and merchants
Merchants
did not require physical strength or endurance; simply exchanged goods without growing or making anything new; low status reflected Confucian respect for hard work and creating value
Peasants
lower rungs of Chinese society who worked for wealthy landowners, often to pay off debts, and the urban poor; Song government provided aid to the poor and established public hospitals where people could receive free care
Role of Women
Confucian traditions included both respect for women and the expectation that they would defer to men; patriarchal pattern strengthened during the Tang and Song dynasties; one distinctive constraint on womens activities in China was the practice of foot binding
Foot Binding
a common activity among aristocratic families during the Song Dynasty where girls had their feet wrapped so tightly that the bones did not grow naturally; bound foot signified social status, something suitors particularly desired; also restricted womens ability to move and hence to participate in the public sphere; was finally banned in 1912
Paper and Printing
The Chinese invented paper as early as the 2nd century CE, but they developed a system of printing in the 7th century
Woodblock Printing
first culture to use woodblock printing; in the Song era, printed booklets on how to farm efficiently were distributed throughout rice-growing regions; people could make multiple copies of art or written texts without laboriously copying each by hand
Reading and Poetry
development of paper and printing expanded the availability of books; peasants couldnt read but Chinas privileged classes had increased access to literature; Confucian scholars were major producers of literature; emphasis of schooling created generations of well-rounded scholar-bureaucrats
Buddhism
had come to China from India via Silk Roads; popularity became widespread during the Tang Dynasty
Buddhism and Daoism
Three forms of Buddhism from India came to shape Asia, each developing a different emphasis
Theravada Buddhism
focused on personal spiritual growth through silent meditation and self-discipline; became strongest in Southeast Asia
Mahayana Buddhism
focused on spiritual growth for all beings and on service; became strongest in China and Korea
Tibetan Buddhism
focused on chanting; became strongest in Tibet
Four Noble Truths
stress the idea that personal suffering can be alleviated by eliminating cravings or desires and by following Buddhist precepts
Zen Buddhism
Monks introduced Buddhism to the Chinese by relating its beliefs to Daoist principles until Buddhist doctrines combined with elements of Daoist traditions to create synthetic or fused faith; emphasized direct experience and meditation as opposed to formal learning based on studying scripture
Buddhism and Neo-Confucianism
Tang Dynasty had a hard time with Buddhism but the Song Dynasty was somewhat more friendly towards Buddhism (did not promote the religion thought)
Filial Piety
the duty of family members to subordinate their desires to those of the male head of the family and to the ruler; emphasis on respect for ones elders helped the Song maintain their rule in China
Neo-Confucianism
evolved in China between 770 and 840; combined Daoism and Buddhism; emphasized ethics rather than God or nature
Heian Period
794-1185; emulated Chinese traditions in politics, art, and literature
Japans Feudalism
had been a feudal society without a centralized government; landowning aristocrats (the daimyo) battled for control of land, while majority of people worked as rice farmers; very little social mobility and heredity hierarchy
Bushido
code that stressed frugality, and loyalty, the martial arts, and honor unto death
House of Wisdom
Under Abbasid Empire, scholars traveled from far away to Baghdad to study at the renowned center of learning; Islamic community helped transfer knowledge throughout Afro-Eurasia
Crusaders
groups of soldiers organized by European Christians
The Mongols
came from Central Asia; conquered remaining Abbasid Empire in 1258 and ended Seljuk rule; continued west but were stopped in Egypt by the Mamluks
Baghdad
many trade routes connected there; however, as trade patterns slowly shifted to routes farther north, they lost its traditional place at the center of trade and lost its wealth and population; could not afford to keep its canals repaired, farmers could not provide enough food for the population, and infrastructure fell into decay
Cultural Continuities
Islamic scholars learned from many cultures, carried on work of earlier thinkers
Cultural Innovations
scholars made their own achievements