Bio 120 Lab Final

All living things are made of

one or more cells

all living things share 4 structural features

plasma membrane

DNA

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Prokaryotes

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

what contains DNA in prokaryotes

nucleoid

Eukaryotes

Cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Can be unicellular or multicellular

Where does photosynthesis occur?

chloroplasts

cell walls of plant cells are composed of…

cellulose

central vacuole

A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes

Actual size of cell

diameter of field of view/# of times the cell of organism can fit across the field of view.

2 types of microscopy

light and electron

types of light microscopy

fluorescence microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy

types of electron microscopy

transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM)

flourescence microscopy

absorb one wavelength of light and emit some of that light at another wavelength

confocal laser scanning microscopy

focuses a laser light source onto a very thin plane within either a naturally fluorescent specimen, or one treated with commercial fluorescent dyes. (3D image using computer)

transission electron microscopy

beam of electrons transmitted through an extremely thin section of specimen

scanning electron microscopy

beam of electrons is scanned over the surface of specimen, resulting in 3D image

plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

Ribosome

site of protein synthesis

Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic, oxygen-producing bacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae)

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Plasmid

A small ring of DNA that carries genes separate from those of the chromosome

flagellum

A long, whiplike structure that helps a cell to move

made of microtubules

ribosomal subunits

The two parts of a ribosome

Function together to translate mRNA to build a chain of amino acids that make up a protein.

cytoplasmic streaming

cellular granules moving within cytoplasmic strands

cytoplasmic strands

connects outer cells in Volvox colony

Mitochondria

Organelles responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration.

cellular respiration

the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of the cell, used to power various cellular processes.

plastid

group of plant organelles that are used for storage of starches, lipids, or pigments

leucoplast

The plastid that stores starch.

Leuco=white

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Chromoplasts

Organelles that contain pigments used in photosynthesis

Chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

Plasmodesmata

channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.

stomata

small opening on the undersides of leaves where oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

Microfilaments

Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell

Microtubules

Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together

helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

food vacuole

small cavity in the cytoplasm of protists that temporarily stores food

contractile vacuole

a structure that collects extra water and then expells it from the cell

cilia

hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

made up of microtubules

osmosis

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

solution

a mixture of a solute dissolved in a solvent

solute

the substance that is dissolved

solvent

the substance in which the solute dissolves

Diffusion

movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

selectivey permeable

allow some substance to pass through, while others cannot

isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

Hypertonic

have higher concentration fo solute than their environment

water moves into cell

Hypotonic

have a lower solute concentration than their environment

water moves out of cell

turgor pressure

The pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall

binary fission

form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells

chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

genes

DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission

replicated chromosome

Chromosome that has been copied; consists of two identical chromatids

sister chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S subphase of interphase.

centromere

Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

mitosis

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

Cytokenesis in animal cells

division of the cytoplasm

cytokinesis in plant cells

cell plate forms

cell cycle

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

Interphase

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

G1 phase

stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions

S phase

DNA is replicated

G2 phase

stage of interphase in which cell duplicates its cytosol and organelles

prophase

Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

anaphase

chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

telophase

After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis.

cleavage furrow

a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.

cell plate

In a plant cell, midline of dividing cells.

spindle microtubules

filaments responsible for moving chromosomes during cell division

daughter organism

cell that result from the division of a single parent cell

colonial cells

groupings of unicellular organisms that live together to survive

gelatinous matrix

holds the individual cells together as a colony

percent change in weight

(final weight-initial weight)/initial weight x100

Plasmolysis

plasma membrane pulls away from cell wall because central vacoule loses water

major functions of mitosis

1- the production and maintenance of multicellularity

2- asexual reproduction

3- replacement of old/ damaged tissues

meiosis

cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

gamete

sex cell

spore

A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating

ploidy

number of sets of chromosomes in a cell

diploid

2 sets of chromosomes

haploid

only one set of chromosomes.

Homologous

chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent

locus

position pf a gene on a chromosome

gene

a segment of DNA that contains the coding information for a specific trait.

allele

different forms of a gene, dominant or recessive

dominant

An allele that is always expressed

recessive

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

genotype

genetic makeup of an organism (AaBb)

phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits (brown hair, blue eyes)

crossing over

the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.

sporangium

spore capsule in which haploid spores are produced by meiosis

rhizome

horizontal underground stem