Physiology chapter 6 from p.205 onward

what are the four major categories that membrane receptors can be grouped in?

receptor channels, G protein-coupled receptors, receptor-enzymes, integrin receptors

[…] […] opens/closes the channel, this is true for a […]-[…]

ligand binding, receptor-channel

ligand binding to a […] […]-[…] […] opens an […] channel or alters […] activity

G protein-coupled receptor, ion, enzyme

[…] […] is when information from a […] […] must be passed […] the membrane to initiate an […] response (DEF 1/2)

signal transduction, signal molecule, across, intracellular

ligan binding to a […]-[…] activates an intracellular […]

receptor-enzyme, enzyme

ligan binding to an […] […] alters […] or the […]

Integrin receptor, enzymes, cytoskeleton

[…] […] is the process by which an […] […] molecule activates a […] […] that in turn alters […] molecules to create a response (DEF 2/2)

signal transduction, extracellular signal, membrane receptor, intracellular

protein kinase is an […] that transfers a […] group from ATP to a […]

enzyme, phosphate, protein

protein phosphatase is an […] that […] a phosphate group

enzyme, removes

there are multiple ways for second messenger molecules to help create a response. three ways to do so are

1. Altering the gating of […] […]. the opening/closing creates an […] signal by altering the […] […] ([…])

2. Increasing intracellular […] since the binding of it to proteins changes their […], creating a cellular response

3. changing […] activity, especially of […] kinases or […] […], the phosphorylation / dephosphorylation of a protein can change its […] and create a response

ion channels, electrical, membrane potential (difference), calcium, function, enzyme, protein, protein phosphatases, configuration

signal amplification turns one signal molecule into multiple […] […] molecules

second messenger

receptor-channels, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and catalytic receptors may respond to all kinds of signal molecules, name them (6)

hormones, neurohormones, neurotransmitters, autocrine signals, paracrine signals, cytokines

which receptor type has the fastest intracellular response and why?

receptor-channels, the increase/decrease of permeability of a cell for an ion will change the cell’s membrane potential (difference) and create an electrical signal (which alters voltage-sensitive proteins)

When inactive, what are G proteins (of the G protein-coupled receptor) bound to?

guanosine diphosphate (GDP)

exchanging GDP for […] activates the G protein

guanosine triphosphate (GTP)

When G proteins are activated they can do two things, name them

open an ion channel in the membrane, alter enzyme activity on the cytoplasmis]c side of the membrane

Give the three steps of the G protein-coupled receptor adenylyl cyclase-cAMP system (p.209) (use numbers under eachother!!)

1. adenylyl cyclase (enzyme) converts ATP to cAMP (second messenger)

2. cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA)

3. Protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylates other intracellular proteins

whats another amplifier enzyme that a GPCR can have instead of adenylyl cyclase?

phospholipase C (PLC)

phospholipase c converts a membrane […] into two lipid-derived second messenger molecules […] and […] […]

phospholipid, diacylglycerol, inositol trisphosphate (IP3)

[…] is a nonpolar diglyceride that remains in the […] portion of the membrane and interacts with […] […] […]

diacylglycerol (DAG), lipid, protein kinase C (PKC)

Protein kinase C (PKC) is a Ca²⁺ - activated […] associated with the […] face of the cell membrane. It phosphorylates cytosolic […] that continue the signal cascade

enzyme, cytoplasmic, proteins

Inositol triphosphate ([…]) is a […]-[…] messenger molecule that leaves the membrane and enters the cytoplasm. it binds to a […] channel on the […] […], opening the channel. Ca²⁺ will diffuse out of the ER and into the […]

IP3 (IP₃), water-soluble, calcium, endoplasmic reticulum, cytosol

[…] receptors have two regions, what are they called and where on/in the cell are they located? (FORMULATE AS: “name of region” on/in “location”)

Catalytic, receptor region on extracellular side, enzyme region on the cytoplasmic side

[…] cyclase is the amplifier enzyme that converts GTP to […] […]

guanylyl, cyclic GMP (cGMP)

integrins

membrane spanning proteins that link the cytoskeleton to extracellular matrix proteins

Integrin receptors are categorized as […] receptors, but have properties not associated with classic receptors:

• On the extracellular side of the membrane, integrins bind to either […] of the […] […] or to […] such as antibodies.

• Inside the cell integrins attach to the […] via […] […]

catalytic, proteins, extracellular matrix, ligands, cytoskeleton, anchor proteins

Modified proteins responsible for cell responses can be (broadly) categorized in to these four groups:

metabolic enzymes, motor proteins (for muscle contraction and cytoskeletal movement), proteins that regulate gene activity and protein synthesis, membrane transport and receptor protein synthesis

1. Ca²⁺/calcium binds to […]

2. Calcium binds to […] proteins and alters movement of […]/[…] proteins

3. Calcium binds to regulatory proteins to trigger […] of […] vesicles

4. Calcium binds directly to […] channels to alter their […] state

5. Calcium entry into a fertilized egg initiates […] of the […]

1. calmodulin

2. regulatory, contractile, cytoskeletal

3. exocytosis, secretory

4. ion, gating

5. development, embryo

Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized by the action of the enzyme […] […] […] on the amino acid […]

nitric oxide synthase (NOS), arginine

NO binds to the cytosolic form of […] […] and causes formation of the second messenger […]

guanine cyclase, cGMP

NO relaxes […] […] and acts as a […] and […] in the brain

blood vessels, neurotransmitter, neuromodulator

NO diffuses from the […] and targets smooth […] cells

endothelium, muscle

Carbon monoxide (CO) activates […] […] and […] and targets smooth […] cells and […] tissue

guanylyl cyclase, cGMP, muscle, neural

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) acts in the […] system to relax […] […]

cardiovascular, blood vessels