Unit 3.2 Development

What are the two theories of cognitive development?

Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development and Leo Vygotsky’s theory of social-cultural development

What did Jean Piaget believe

as children mature they move from stage to stage as they are exposed to types of experiences, developing schemas for concepts

What is the primary learning mechanism for Jean Piaget’s cognitive theory

individual exploration and self discovery

What is a schema

a mental framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information

as children experience new things how can they shape their schemas?

assimilation and accommodation

what is assimilation

interpreting new info in terms of an existing schema

calling a new four-legged animal a "dog

example of assimilation

accommodation

adapt schema to incorporate new info

adjusting the "dog" schema to differentiate it from a "cat."

example of accomodation

What are the 4 stages of cognitive development

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Sensorimotor

ages 2-3, learning through actions and sense, object permanence

object permanence

the understanding that objects continue to exist even when hidden from view

Preoperational stage

2-7, language, symbolic thinking, egocentrism, animism, lack of conservation

Egocentrism

inability to take on another peoson’s perspecitve

Conservation

certain physical properties of objects, such as volume or number, remain the same even when their form or appearance changes

Animism

inanimate objects are alive and possess human-like qualities or intentions

Concrete Operational

7-11, logical thinking about concrete objects, conservation mastered, classification, reversibility

Reversibility

operations can be mentally undone

Formal Operational

12+, abstract reasoning, hypothetical deductive reasoning, systematic problem solving

Hypothetical deductive reasoning

reasoning about possibilities and systematically testing hypotheses

Are Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development continuous or discontinuous

discontinuous

What is the sociocultural theory

the primary drivers of cognitive development are social interaction and culture

what is the primary learning mechanism of the social-cultural cognitive theory

social interaction with knowledgeable others

Zone of proximal development

gap between what a child can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance from a more knowledgeable person (potential ability)

Scaffolding

the temporary support a skilled partner provides to help a learner operate within their ZPD, removed as learners competence grows

Theory of Mind

the cognitive ability to understand that others' beliefs, desires, intentions, emotions, and thoughts may differ from one's own

Nativist theory of language

humans are born with an innate capacity for language

Behaviorist theory of language

language is a learned behavior acquired through conditioning and reinforcement

Sociocultural theory of language

social interaction and cultural context are key drivers of language development

Language

shared system of symbols that operate by rules and is infinite

Phenomes

smallest unit of sound ( ch sound in chat)

Morpheme

smallest unit that caries meaning (-ed means past tense)

Grammar

system of rules defining the structure of language

Semantics

set of rules by which we derive meaning (adding –ed makes something past tense)

Syntax

rules for combining/arranging words into sentences (white house vs casa blanca)

What are the stages of language development

cooing, babbling, one word, telegraphic, longer phrases

Cooing

0-4 months, long vowel like sounds

Babbling

4-10 months, consonant-vowel patterns

One word

10-18 months, single words convey whole ideas or requests

Telegraphic

18-24 months, short phrases, content words, no function words

Longer phrases

2-3+ years, growing vocab, grammar rules applied even if overgenralized

How is development studied

longitudinal and cross-sectional studies

Social-emotional emotional development

how you learn to interact with others and manage your emotions throughout your lifetime

What theorys goes into social emotional development

The ecological systems theory, parenting styles, and attachment theories

What is the ecological systems theory

how your environment influences your social emotional development

What are the 5 systems of the ecocogical systems theory

Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem

Miscrosystem

your immediate environment

Mesosystem

connections among elements in your microsystem

Exosystem

external factors that indirectly affect you

Macrosystem

cultural and societal norms

Chronosystem

role of time and life transitions

What are the 4 parenting styles

Authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, uninvolved

Authoritarian

High control, low warmth

Authoritative

High control, high warmth

Permissive

Low control, high warmth

Uninvolved

Low control, low warmth

Attachment

emotional bond formed with caregivers during infancy

Harlow’s Monkey studies

physical comforts > food in forming emotional bonds

Ainsworth strange situation

method for assessing attachment, infant and caregiver interact in an unfamiliar room, caregiver leaves, researchers observe the child’s distress and reaction upon reunion

Secure

Distressed then comforted

Anxious/Ambivalent

distressed, not comforted

Avoidant

little distress, independent

disorganized

confused contradictory behavior, approaches then freezes

Psychosocial development

8 conflicts across lifespan that present a challenge whose resolution shapes social and emotional development

Trust vs mistrust

0- 18 months, if basic needs are met, infants will develop basic trust

Autonomy vs shame & doubt

1-3, learn to exercise their will and understand they have control

Initiative vs guilt

(3-6 yrs): learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans by independently, also be creative

Inustry vs inferiority

6-puberty, learn what good at / accomplished at

Identity vs role confusion

adolecence-20’s, refine a sense of self by testing roles and forming an identity

Intimacy vs isolation

20’s-40’s, form close relationships and gain capacity for

love

Generativity vs stagnation

40’s-60’s, discover sense of contributing to the world, thru family & work

Integrity vs despair

60’s, reflect on your life, feel satisfaction or failure

Diffusion

no commitment, no exploration

Foreclosure

premature commitment w/ no exploration

Moratorium

exploring, no commitment

Achievement

explored, commited