NCMA216 | PRELIMS

PHARMACOLOGY

study of drugs and its origin

PHARMACOLOGY

The study of drugs that alter functions of living organisms

"pharmakon" means?

Classic greek (posion), modern greek (drug)

PHARMACY BOUNDING

the process of combining, preparation of personalized medications

COMPOUNDED MEDICATIONS

made based on the practitioner's prescription

COMPOUNDED MEDICATIONS

medications containing one or more ingredients that are prepared on-site by a pharmacist

COMPOUNDED MEDICATIONS

The creation of a particular pharmaceutical product specific to a patient's needs using appropriate ingredients and processes

COMPOUNDED MEDICATIONS

used to help achieve better therapeutic effects through the tailored actions of a specific combination of ingredients

PHARMACIST

a health professional trained in the art of preparing and dispensing drugs

BABYLONIANS

Earliest surviving "prescriptions" on Sumerian cuneiform clay tablets in 3000 B.C

Sumerian Cuneiform Tablets

Clay tablets recording transactions as receipts.

Sumerian Cuneiform Tablets

Earliest surviving "prescriptions" in 3000 B.C

CHINESE

Recorded the Pen Tsao (Great Herbal) - a 40- volume compendium of plant remedies dating to 2700 B.C.

PEN TSAO

Earliest compilation of drugs

PEN TSAO

is the earliest Chinese materia medica book

EGYPTIANS

• EBER'S(ERBS) PAPYRUS

ERBS PAPYRUS

Archives of remedies on a 110 pages document in 1500 B.C

ERBS PAPYRUS

• Oldest well preserved medical document from ancient Egyptians

110 pages

How many pages does Erb's Papyrus have?

SAMUEL DALE

The first recorded reference to the word pharmacology was found in a text entitled "Pharmacologia sen Manuductio and Materiam Medicum" by .

SAMUEL DALE

Developed Pharmacologia Sen Manuductio & materia medicum in 1693

SAMUEL DALE

an English naturalist and physician notable for his work in the natural sciences and developed Pharmacologia sen Manuductio and Materia Medicum in 1693

Friedrich Serturner

German pharmacist who isolated morphine from opium

Friedrich Serturner

Chemists isolate specific substances from complex mixtures

John Jacob Abel

Father of American Pharmacology

John Jacob Abel

Founded the first pharmacology department in University of Michigan in 1890

John Jacob Abel

Hopkins' first professor of pharmacology

John Jacob Abel

The early focus of his work was on isolating and characterizing the hormones of the endocrine system

PHARMACODYNAMICS

The study of what the drug does to the body

PHARMACODYNAMICS

concerned with mechanisms of drug action and the relationships between drug concentration and responses in the body

PHARMACOKINETICS

what the body does to the drug

PHARMACOKINETICS

Refers to the study of drug movement throughout the body

PHARMACOGNOSY

The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources.

PHARMACOGNOSY

The branch of knowledge concerned with medical drugs obtained from natural resources

PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS

The treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs

PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS

the study of the therapeutic uses and effects of drugs

TOXICOLOGY

The study of poisons

PHARMACOVIGILANCE

Monitoring drug safety and adverse effects.

DRUG

A chemical substance that is taken to cause changes in a person's body or behavior

DRUG

A substance other than food that changes the structure or function of the body or mind

CHEMICAL STRUCTURES

the arrangement of bonded atoms or ions within a substance

MECHANISM OF ACTION (MOA)

A term describing the effects of drugs that interact with other chemicals in the body.

MECHANISM OF ACTION (MOA)

refers to the specific biochemical interaction through which a drug substance produces its pharmacological effect

MECHANISM OF ACTION (MOA)

Involves the target site such as an enzyme or receptor

MODE OF ACTION (MoA)

describes a functional or anatomical change

MODE OF ACTION (MoA)

observable consequence of a drug (eg. penicilin

DRUG INFORMATION

Also referred to as medication information or drug informatics

Generic

"Nonproprietary Name"

Generic

group of medicines that have similar actions

Generic

name approved by the Medical or Pharmaceutical Associations in the original country of manufacture

Generic

drug name that is adopted by ALL countries

Brand name

"Trade name or Proprietary Name"

Brand name

name given by the manufacturer of the drug

Brand name

a drug sold by a drug company under a specific name or trademark

Chemical name

name that describes the atomic or chemical structure or molecular structure of the drug

Natural Sources

drug sources from Plants

Inorganic Sources

(ex: Cisplatin - a medication used to manage and treat solid tumors and hematologic malignancies)

Synthetic Sources

(ex: Ecstasy: stimulant that mimics the effect of cocaine)

LOCAL EFFECT

The response to a medication that is confined to a specific part of the body

SYNTHETIC EFFECT

Generalized or widespread response of the body to a drug because it is absorbed into the bloodstream

THERAPEUTIC EFFECT

intended effect of a medication

THERAPEUTIC EFFECT

the primary purpose of prescribing and administering the medication

THERAPEUTIC EFFECT

also known as "desired effect"

SIDE EFFECT

also known as "secondary effect"

SIDE EFFECT

Unintended/ undesirable effect of a drug

ADVERSE EFFECT

severe side effects; undesirable; harmful effect

CONTRAINDICATION AND PRECAUTION

the condition under which the drug should not be used or must be used carefully with monitoring

DRUG TOXICITY

Deleterious effects of a drug resulting from over dosage

DRUG ALLERGY

hypersensitivity to the drug; immunologic reaction to drugs (abnormal reaction of the immune system) to a medication

DRUG TOLERANCE

the diminishing effect of a medication following repeated administration at a certain dose; exists in person with unusually low physiologic response to a drug

Food and Drug Administration of the Philippines

created under the Department of Health; to license. monitor. and regulate the flow of food. drugs. cosmetics. medical devices. and household hazardous waste in the Philippines

RA 3720

also known as Food Drug and Cosmetic Act

RA 8203

also known as The Special Law on Counterfeit Drug

Food. Drug. and Cosmetic Act (RA 3720)

An act to ensure the safety and purity of foods

The Special Law on Counterfeit Drug (RA. 8203)

"Unregistered imported drug product" as distinguished from counterfeit drug defined under Section 3 of R.A.

Consumer Act of the Philippines

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7394

The Special Law on Counterfeit Drug

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8203

Consumer Act of the Philippines (RA 7394)

protects the interests of the consumer

Consumer Act of the Philippines (RA 7394)

protects against deceptive

Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002

Republic Act No. 9165

Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 (RA 9165)

created for the efficient and effective law enforcement of all the provisions on dangerous drugs and/or precursors and essential chemicals as provided in R.A

shabu and marijuana

two of the most used and valuable illegal drugs in the country

SCORED TABLET

Presence of a score mark on a tablet implies that the tablet can be split and will contain equal percentage of active ingredient in each portion.

LAYERED TABLET

a combination of one or more APIs (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients) along with excipients

ENTERIC-COATED TABLET

designed to temporarily withstand attack by stomach acid

CHEWABLE TABLET

an oral dosage form intended to be chewed and then swallowed by the patient rather than swallowed whole.

SUSTAINED-RELEASE TABLET

usually labeled with "SR" at the end of their name; prolong the medication's release from a tablet or capsule

SOFT GEL CAPSULE

oral dosage form for medicine in the form of a specialized capsule consist of a gelatin based shell surrounding a liquid fill

SOFT GEL CAPSULE

are easy to swallow

HARD GEL

type of capsule that is usually contain medicine in the form of dry powder or small pellets

LOZENGES

dissolved or disintegrated slowly in the mouth; contain one or more active ingredients

LOZENGES

flavored and sweetened so as to be pleasant tasting

SUPPOSITORY

inserted into the rectum

EFFERVESCENT

carbon tablets are tablets which are designed to dissolve in water and release carbon dioxide

SYRUP

is a solution of Sucrose in Purified Water. It contains preservative unless it is used when freshly preserved.

ELIXIRS

sweetened hydro-alcoholic (water and alcohol) liquids for oral use.

ELIXIRS

usually contain flavoring and coloring agents to improve patient acceptance

EMULSION

Mixture of solution useful in administration of drug and enema

INHALANTS

Medicines with volatile substances that produce chemical vapors that can be inhaled

ORAL MEDICATION

Most common route of medication administration